Network Administrator versus System Administrator an Example of the Topic Career by

Network Administrator versus System Administrator by Expert Prof Nelly | 07 Dec 2016 The job descriptions of the network administrator and the system administrator have a significant amount of overlap between skills and duties in some companies, there is no practical difference. Traffic between the jobs is extremely common and has few barriers, with often only a training course or some knowledge gained in another position allowing a position switch. So why do the corporate world and technical organizations distinguish between network administrators and system administrators? The answers are varied and complicated. Some professional groups, such as the System Administrators Guild or SAGE, dont make a practical distinction between system administrators and network administrators. Need essay sample on "Network Administrator versus System Administrator" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed People Frequently Tell EssayLab support: Who wants to write assignment for me? Essay writer professionals recommend: Professionals Are Creating Successful College Custom Essays! Pay for Academic Paper Writing Buy College Papers/a> However, companies such as Microsoft do make a clear distinction between the two specialties. Opinion among other groups is largely that while there is significant overlap between system administrators and network administrators and the jobs can be substituted for each other in many instances. However, large and complicated networking installations such as a data center or network operations center environment, or complicated system administration environments such as an office building with inpidual Unix workstations for graphics or programming work, require specialized system and network administrators to best handle the requirements of the installation. Whether a professional group or inpidual company makes a distinction between network administrators and system administrators or combines the roles depends on the size of the installations and the political stance of the organization. In other words, companies and technical organizations which make a distinction between network administration and system administration usually do so because their main user base or their own information technology infrastructure requires separate job descriptions for system administration and its networking specialty. In order to explore the reasons for the difference between network administrators and system administrators, its important to clarify what the positions are generally defined as. Barnard defines a system administrators role as encompassing security administration, service monitoring and control, job scheduling, network administration, directory services, print and output administration and storage management (2002. Although network administration is defined as part of a system administrators role, it is also defined separately as: Network administration is typically involved with the first three layers of the stack, which mostly consist of hardware. There is some overlap between network and system administration at the transport level management of such services as DNS, WINS and DHCP provide the basic name resolution services required by fully functioned IT services. Depending on the organization, these core services may also be included as network service functions. Since DNS, WINS and DHCP run on servers, network servers are sometimes included among the hardware components managed by the Network Administration SMF. (2002) In other words, Barnard defines a system administration role as one dealing primarily with software, servers and auxiliary services such as print and storage capabilities; network administration, which may be included in system administration in smaller installations, includes responsibility for the network itself as well as the support hardware such as name servers. Because Microsofts server business base is primarily large to very large installations, there is a strong emphasis on separating the network administration and system administration specialties, and on designing personnel and job descriptions to meet the requirements of the hardware design. Barnard remarks, Modeling system administration takes into consideration an organizations computing architecture whether it is centralized, distributed or a hybrid of the two. Your administrative model is most likely to follow the design of your architecture, although there are exceptions. (Barnard, 2002). Dijker (2001) states that network administration is a particular specialty of system administration, rather than a separate job description. She defines system administration as a whole as all those systems tasks a user might want to offload, including in a lengthy list such tasks as data integrity management, upgrades, security and networking (Dijker, 2001). While the basic knowledge is the same, the specific skills vary from position to position. Dijker also points out that the roles of system administrator and network administrator largely depend on the organization theyre employed by. Rather than being a well-defined profession, both system administrators and network administrators shift their duties and skills to fill the holes left in an organization by other positions (Dijker, 2001). SAGE, the System Administrators Guild, largely agrees with Dijkers position that network administration is a specialty of system administration; their suggested job descriptions include networking tasks at every level of system administration above the junior administrator level (SAGE, 2001). More complex sites are seen as requiring more specialized administrators, including networking, security and storage specialists. While network administration and system administration are not completely separate fields, the larger and more complex the installation, the more and more the duties of the two positions perse. Microsoft and SAGE are both large organizations, but what of the inpidual opinions of network and system administrators? A thread at Ars Technica sheds some light on what inpidual views of the difference between them are. User ErraticAssasin posted, asking the question what is the difference between network and systems admin? The responses the post received were varied; they included: Many govt contractors might be picky since they can sometimes budget with specific positions (read: job titles) required Larger groups tend to have greater differences between an NA and an SA. This is because the SAs only deal with the servers and the NAs only deal with the network. If a group is smaller, then these responsibilities may fall onto the same people. The differentiation comes about for large organizations. There are places where 100% of your time can be spent working on cisco gear = netqork engineer. Likewise, if all you ever do is touch nt/2k, or solaris = systems engineer. (ErraticAssasin, 2001) Clearly, the observations of those on the front lines of network and system administration agree with the big boys: the difference between network administration and system administration largely depends on the size of the organization and their information architecture. Finally, we have Menezes view, which is a bit unconventional compared to the rest. While Menezes seems to consider network administration part of the systems administration umbrella as well, he suggests that a a network administrator may be more inclined to write scripts to monitor network, then rewires entire machine room, improving response time by 2%, whereas a system administrator may be more inclined to put network usage in motd. (Menezes, 2007). Network administration and system administration are not absolutely separate technical specialties, and most software providers and professional groups acknowledge this. Most emphasis is put on defining both job specialties by what the organization requires, rather than by a predefined set of skills and responsibilities. This allows organizations the flexibility to define their job descriptions by their requirements, rather than trying to slot a pre-written job description into what may be a unique position. A small organization can employ a small team of generalist system administrators (or even just a single administrator) to fill all their information technology needs, including design, installation and maintenance of internal networks and external connections. A larger, more complex organization with a complicated network topology, specialized network security requirements or a high number of networked hosts often have one or more network administration specialists. Some organizations have requirements for network administrator roles to fulfill funding requirements for the positions, as well. The distinction between the network administrator and the system administrator is largely one of convenience for the hiring organization or a reflection of the complexity of the organizations network environment. Companies and organizations that maintain the difference between network administrators and system administrators do so in order to maintain a maximum flexibility in the roles and allow them to fill any gap the hiring company requires, rather than forcing the company to design a position to meet a predefined role. The distinction allows the maximum in flexibility for both companies and administrators. References Barnard, S (2002). Microsoft Solutions for Management: System Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2007 from http://www.microsoft.com/technet/solutionaccelerators/cits/mo/smf/smfsysad.mspx SAGE. About the System Administration Field. Retrieved April 25, 2007 from http://www.sage.org/field/field.html. Dijker, B. (2001, July 21). Careers in System Administration. Retrieved April 25, 2007 from http://www.ddj.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=1OEXOXM3XUGVQQSNDBECKHSCJUMEKJVN?articleID=184411171 ErraticAssasin (2001, September 5). Difference between network & systems admin? Message posted to http://episteme.arstechnica.com/6/ubb.x?a=tpc&s=50009562&f=469092836&m=8960982662 Menezes, D. (2007). Know your system administrator. Retrieved April 25, 2007 from http://www.gnu.org/fun/jokes/know.your.sysadmin.html

Chapter Review Essays

Chapter Review Essays Chapter Review Essay Chapter Review Essay Chapter Review Name: Institution: Date: Chapter Review Martin Bobgan raises several issues aimed at separating Christianity and psychology. He makes consistent assertions regarding the unsuitability of psychological perspectives in the Christian faith. Bobgan points out that although most Christians continue to turn to psychology, the people who formulated the psychological viewpoints were not Christians but that they were people who denied God. This is an error because psychologists use different forms of psychotherapies to help their clients deal with their problems. While it is true that some of the people who invented psychotherapies were not Christians, it is worth noting that many Christians are involved in psychology, and they have come up with different forms of psychotherapies based on biblical principles. They use these forms of psychotherapies to help their clients. Bobgan notes that the church moved from accepting psychology because of the idea of common grace. He has neglected to point out the continuous dissociation of many Christians from their churches. Some Christians feel that the church cannot help them to solve their psychological problems because they are concerned with worldly perspectives. Thus, for many Christians, it is more effective for them to have a different approach to deal with their problems. Psychologists do not aim to compete with God, as Bobgan seems to suggest. Psychologists realize that they are part of humanity, and they realize their limitations and perfections. Bobgan dismisses any idea of human intelligence and wisdom that results from research. He does not point out that ability of people to have God given intelligence. He fails to point out that God blesses His people with intelligence and wisdom. Granted, some of the most gifted people may deny the impact that God has on their lives, and some may even deny His existence. However, this does not change the fact that God gives gifts to both the evil and good people. As he points out, God makes the sun to shine, and the rain to fall, on both the good and bad people. Bobgan makes a strong case about the importance of seeking God and understanding His word accurately. His final message is concerned about the importance of seeking God when a person faces problems. He does not recognize people’s weaknesses and limitations. He fails to notice that people have different strengths in the Christian faith. Some may not know how to go about seeking God’s help. Furthermore, Bobgan fails to acknowledge that Christians do not live in an ideal world, where everyone else around them is a Christian and applies Biblical teachings in his or her life. They live in a world where people have adopted many religions and why they continue to develop other religions as they see fit. Some do not even acknowledge the presence or importance of any religion. Christians have to interact with these people constantly as they go about their daily lives. They cannot avoid meeting and interacting with non-Christians since this would mean missing the opportunity of i nfluencing their perception of religion, and this would result in failure of bringing more people to God’s kingdom. Bobgan makes a psychological error when he points out psychotherapy and other psychologies do not help people and do not concern Christians. He adds that psychotherapies cannot help Christians to overcome problems of living, and neither can they use such methods to show Christians how to live. This presumption is not correct because there is sufficient evidence proving otherwise. Many Christians and non-Christians have been able to change and solve their problems through behavior modification and other therapies. Some Christians find it more useful to go to psychologists when they have marital problems because that is the only option they know best. Marital problems are some of the things that people have to live with, and many Christians find it necessary to consult psychologists to deal with such problems. In dismissing the idea of psychology, Bobgan notes that it is based on human observation and interpretation, which is subjective and susceptible to error. He instead encourages t he reading and analysis of God’s word. However, he also fails to point out that people interpret God’s word based on their understanding, making them more susceptible to making subjective opinions. This is evident in the fact that people interpret the same Biblical texts differently. Bobgan seems to base his perception of psychology solely on the human soul, and he seems to think that psychologists are an avenue for the salvation of the human souls. He details his point of view by observing the nature of humanity and the importance of seeing human beings as God sees them. By focusing on the human soul, he fails to notice the strength or weakness of the human mind, yet most psychologists aim to deal with the mind as a way of helping people. The problems that people face result from their thoughts and their attitudes towards life. Psychologists do base their opinions and suggestions based on different extensive research on humanity. The fact that they have been able to assist many people over the years by using different approaches is evident of the accurate nature of the studies conducted. Bogan adds that psychologists cannot deal with the sinful nature of man. Psychologists do not focus on human salvation and redemption of souls. They do not aim to take the role of the priests and other spiritual clergy, on whose responsibility towards guiding people’s spiritual health lies. Furthermore, they do not aim to improve a person’s spiritual growth, unless the psychologist involved is a spiritual leader concerned with the person’s spirituality. Integration means that psychologists learn to apply the psychological principles that are relevant to their faith, and which do not contradict their religion in any way. They have to learn what the Bible says about some of the principles that they choose to use. This will ensure that they are not swayed and influenced by secular perspectives. At the same time, the Christians recognize the importance that psychology has on believers. The world has become a difficult place to live in, and many Christians find challenges in their lives. They seek different avenues to help them deal with their problems. Christians take Jesus to be the model of their faith. Many Christian psychologists defend their application of psychology by noting now Jesus was always there to guide people, encourage them, and help them solve their problems. In addition, Jesus commanded those who followed Him to bear each other’s burdens. These burdens are the problems that people carry, and they affect their minds. By consulting a psychologist who shares the same principles of faith, then the Christians are assured that they will get good and credible advice. Failure to have Christian psychologists ultimately results to many Christians seeking help from secular psychologists who do not share the same religious and spiritual beliefs. The Bible also requires believers to confess their sins to one another, and admonish each other. God said that His people perished for lack of knowledge. Christians should be at the forefront in seeking knowledge using godly means, and ensuring that they use this knowledge to help and benefit other people. Integration of psycholog y and theology is a way of making the biblical teachings and guidance more practical for the Christians who find the need to share their problems with someone, and seek help towards solving them.

Academic Honesty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Academic Honesty - Essay Example This means that plagiarism is the act of copying an submitting the work of another author and claiming the work to be the efforts of the person who is submitting the work and not giving any credit to the author who had originally authored that piece of work. One of the most modern ways of detecting plagiarism is the use of plagiarism checking applications such as Turnitin. When using this software, the teacher submits the work on the website of Turnitin and the website compares the work from various academic and internet databases for similar content that have been submitted by some other individual. According to Green one of the consequences of plagiarism is that â€Å"it is the breach of faith in the social contract between the reader and the writer† (Green, 2008, p.112). Furthermore, students who indulge in plagiarism may have to suffer severe consequences such as being graded as failed in a particular subject or course and may even be expelled from their educational instit ute. One of the way through which plagiarism can be avoided is that the writer gives credit to the original author of the content through the use of references. Another way is that the writer paraphrases the content while giving credit to the original author. I promise that throughout my educational period as well as professional life, I will never indulge in the act of plagiarism and any form of academic

CCTV argument supporting the idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CCTV argument supporting the idea - Essay Example Undoubtedly, the expansion of globalisation, rise in societal complexities and new forms of criminal activities have accumulatively given rise to this need. Increasing urbanisation has exacerbated the trend towards privacy, leading to the essentiality of verifying identity. The growing frequency of crime has further emerged as one of the major reasons for both international corporations and government to increase video surveillance through CCTV (Ratcliffe & Taniguchi, 2006). Emphasising these aspects, the aim of this essay is to highlight problems arising due to the increasing number of CCTV cameras in the modern society and develop rational understanding in this regard. Need of CCTV Cameras With the advent of globalisation in the modern world, keeping track of regular activities performed within a society has become very essential for the government of any country to ensure national security. CCTVs are used not only in security purposes but also in research where people are continuo usly observed to understand human behaviour in different situations and circumstances. Increased mobility both locally and internationally has further given rise to a stranger society, where social control based on cognitive understanding matters significantly. Risk management has also become the leading mode of reasoning for both international organisations and government organisations, which has further increased the use of CCTV cameras. In the area of criminal justice, new ideas have given way to more humble defensive responses that focus on opportunity reduction, situational avoidance and risk management wherein CCTV can be regarded as a vital part of the trend towards the effective identification of punishing offenders, managing prisoners and handling rehabilitation centres. There are records that show CCTV is more effective in some context than other technology gadgets in identifying crimes. Reports published on the effectiveness of using CCTV have revealed that it had a signi ficant impact on decreasing vehicle crimes, robbery and theft. However, no such significant impact of using CCTV was seen in case of violence or felony (Damjanovski, 2005). Researches further depict that identification of the real offender is possible through the CCTV cameras, which in turn plays a vital role as evidence in any criminal prosecution. Though proper evidence has not yet been obtained in the violence sector, the cameras have been observed to record suspicious behaviours and therefore play a pivotal role in obstructing the conduct of any probable crime to ensure security of a given population. However, the effectiveness of CCTV is often affirmed as subjected to constant monitoring, which could only be done in a reliable manner by a computer programme that searches for unusual activities and highlights it for further investigation. Notably, to increase efficiencies in identifying crime and protecting the society with the assistance of CCTV, innovative software programmes, known as Artificial Intelligence Systems (AIS) are being developed, which can predict the occurrence of crime quite effectively (Ulkemen, 2009). For instance, in a recent crime activity of the â€Å"Boston Marathon Bombing†, the CCTV installed in a departmental store helped the FBI team in identifying the concerned perpetrator of the crime. CCTV has also shown significant contribution in controlling hacking

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Project management - Essay Example Quality assurance includes two major elements; the first is quality control examination which comprises the examination of the physical characteristics of the structure, system, material, component, part, and subsequent comparison with the acceptable standards associated with those examinations (Arditi & Gunaydin, 1997). The second element of quality assurance is termed as quality administration. This is defined as the management and documentation which assures that the specified quality control examinations were carried out. In general, the contractor’s definition is preferred by the project organization since it defines the vehicles by which all project requirements are to be determined and identified. The word quality has different meanings in different circumstance; the quality of a product may have greater or lesser significance depending on the need and requirement of the user. Thus, quality is the degree to which a product meets the requirement of the customer. On the o ther hand, Quality control includes all the efforts to manage quality and maintain assurance of continued high quality of a product or service. Thus quality control conveys an idea about determining and maintaining that quality of product or service which will satisfy the consumer by its performance, cost and delivery. It is important to understand the difference between quality assurance and quality control. Quality control is used to prove that deliverables are of recognized quality, and that they are complete and right. Quality assurance, however, refers to the procedure used to create deliverables and can be done by a manager, client or even a third party. Also, Quality assurance is based on the process approach. Quality monitoring and assurance ensures that processes and systems are developed in a manner that deliverables are of superior quality. This process is intended to

The Role of Religion in the Middle East

The Role of Religion in the Middle East The Role of Religion in the Middle East Religion is one of the most powerful defining forces of a culture. For example, stores would be closed on Saturday in Israel because that is the Sabbath in the Jewish religion. The hijab fashions in Muslim nations find their origin in the Koran’s prescriptions for modesty among women. However, religion makes the most profound impact on a culture when it is sponsored by the State. For example, many Middle Eastern and African nations have adopted Sharia Law, where thieves are punished by losing a hand, adulterers are stoned to death, and those failing to conform to the dress code are lashed. Before the Muslim Expansion, the predominant religions of the region were Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. Tribal religions and local deities were also worshiped, as monism was not yet universal in the region. During the early seventh century C.E., Muhammad and his soldiers of faith left the Arabian Peninsula and spread their faith throughout the modern Middle East and Asia Minor. According to Cleveland (2004), this was able to happen because the Byzantine Empire of the West and the Sassanian Empire of Iran were becoming weaker after decades of warfare (p. 6). Since the Emperors could no longer adequately defend their territories, it was the perfect time for the fledgling Muslim Empire to take its place in history. Curiously, there is a strong tradition in the West of viewing the Middle East as a monolithic people of Arab extraction that are culturally and religiously similar. Although Islam is the dominant religion in the area, there are certainly ethnic and cultural differences as to how it is practiced (similar to the cultures formed around the Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant churches in predominantly Christian nations). The three states that will be examined in this paper are Israel, Iran, and Iraq: a Jewish state, a non-Arab Muslim state, and an Arab Muslim state. The choice of these countries will show the religious and cultural diversity of the Midd le East as well as explain how these forces clash when they come into contact. The Jewish State of Israel (formerly Palestine) is by far one of the most ethnically diverse nations in the Middle4 East. Because the Jewish people were scattered all over the world, today we have Jews with African, European, and Asian ethnic characteristics. At the beginning of Israel’s settlement, people had divided themselves by ethnicity, but today they are more divided by sect (degree of religious observance) and social class (Ayalon, Ben-Rafael, Sharot, 1991, p. 280). Shortly thereafter, they had to learn to work together because hostilities with their Arab neighbours threatened the existence of the new state. Suffice it to say, Israel had become accustomed to a siege mentality—segregating themselves from Palestinian and other Arab groups, creating a modern apartheid. Politically, their reasons for holding the territory and seeking foreign aid are rooted in the conviction that the land is theirs by right, as promised by God in their Scriptures (Cleveland, 2004, p . 240). There was also the very basic fear of facing extinction at the hands of an unjust government such as Hitler’s Germany and the pogroms sponsored by tsarist Russia. However, even within the Jewish community, there are several splits. According to Ayalon, Ben-Rafael Sharot (1991), there were reports of â€Å"numerous conflicts, some involving violent confrontations, between religious and secular Jews over such issues as public transportation on the Sabbath, opening cinemas on the Sabbath Eve, burning bus stations, displaying advertisements featuring women in swimming costumes or underwear, free movement of private transportation in areas close to religious neighbourhoods on the Sabbath†¦ and the question of who is a Jew† (p. 279). In Israel, there are those that identify as ethnic Jews even though they do not participate in the religious traditions of Judaism. With this question of definition, there is an implicit question of whether an individual can consider themselves Jewish if they do not identify with the teachings with Judaism. However, these questions have been rendered moot for Israeli citizenship, as non-practicing Jews were also targeted by major world government. For other religions, identity is determined by practice such as profession of faith, attendance at places of worship, and prayer. In other words, there is no such thing as a non-practicing Muslim. However, the Jewish religious spectrum is from Orthodox to the secular and non-practicing (Ayalon, Ben-Rafael, Sharot, 1991, p. 287). There are some Israelis that are atheist and do not observe any of the Jewish holidays or traditions and the Orthodox whose lives are still governed by laws written several thousand years ago. Most of Israel’s Jews fall somewhere in the middle, observing some of the traditions such as the Yom Kippur fast and Hanukkah. Around the time that Greece and Rome were building their sphere of influence, Iran (formerly Persia) was one of the most powerful empires in the world known for its progressive system of justice and great learning and recognized as the birthplace of Zoroastrianism, the Ba’hai religion, and Mithraism (which shares much in common with modern Christianity). Having a history of conquering and being conquered, the Iranian people were influenced by several cultural and religious traditions. However, since the twelfth century, almost 100% of the Iranian population embraced Islam (Cleveland, 2004, p. 33). Even so, the Iranians still resisted ‘Arabization’ and adopted the practice of their religion to Persian life and culture. For instance, unlike Arabs, most Persian Muslims are of the Shi’a sect. In addition, in pre-revolution Iran, professional women were not expected to wear the chador unless they were going to visit family friends or religious events (DeGroot, 2 007, p. 113). However, women of the lower classes were generally expected to wear them at all times. As we have mentioned before, there appears to be an inverse relationship between religious observance and income, which would explain this phenomenon. The Islamic revolution of 1979 was a strong rejection of Western power and the separation of the sexes in all social fields, though females are still allowed access to higher education. Given that the West equates itself with all that is noble and just, this was a surprising leap into backwardness, according to Western cultural commentators. However, to fully understand, Keddie Richard (2006) argues that we must take several factors into account such as the depressed standard of living for the middle class, rising unemployment and the decline of traditional values: â€Å"Once dependence on the West was associated with Western culture, and Western culture with moral decay, it was natural to seek Iran’s salvation not in the West ernization pushed by the shah’s regime but in a return to an idealized indigenous Islam† (Keddie Richard, 2006, p. 188). The revolution also brought about the enmity of Hussein’s Iraq as the Sunni leader was apprehensive that the Shi’a majority would stage a similar revolution and wrest power away from him—a factor strongly contributing to the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980’s (Cleveland, 2004, p. 415). This was quite a change from the past where the people were not very closely controlled by the government. When the Ottoman Turks ruled in Iraq, they confined themselves to the large cities and the people in outlying rural areas lived by their own rules more or less. Turning these pockets of autonomous tribes into a nation was far more difficult than any one administration could bring (Cleveland, 2004, p.204). In Iraq, there was always an enmity between the Sunni and Shi’a sects of Islam, and the nation was often beset with civil war. One of the more bitter cultural struggles are between those that want to adapt their faith to the modern era and the more conservative faction that want to preserve the social climate of their predecessors (Nakash, 2003, p. 262). Ethnically, Arabs comprise 80% of the population, however, slightly over half belong to the Shi’a sect and the minority were Sunnis. Sunni Kurds made up the remainder of the population, and they sought to remain culturally distinct from the Arabs (Cleveland, 2004, p. 205). Today, Iraq is occupied by the U.S. and a civil war between Sunni and Shi’a sects are raging. In sum, religion has shaped these countries profoundly. Israel attempts to expand its borders because her citizens believe that the land was given to them by God, Iran vacillates between modernization and radical Islam as many young Iranians have become quite progressive, and the Shi’a and Sunni Muslims of Iraq are engaged in a great battle for supremacy. In these regimes, there is no room for compromise on an international or social level because the current leadership and prevailing ruling class in each of these countries believes that they are on the right path. References Ayalon, H., Ben-Rafael, E. Sharot, S. (1991). Religious, Ethnic, and Class Divisions in Israel: Conversion or Cross-Cutting?. Tradition, Innovation, Conflict: Jewishness and Judaism in Contemporary Israel. (Sobel, Z. Beit-Hallahmi, B. eds,) New York: SUNY Press Cleveland, W.L. (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press DeGroot, J. (2007). Religion, Culture and Politics in Iran: from the Qajars to Khomeini. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers Keddie, N.R. Richard, Y. (2006). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Nakash, Y. (2003). The Shi’is of Iraq. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Symbolism in The House of Seven Gables :: House of the Seven Gables Essays

Symbolism in The House of Seven Gables  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Literature reflects life, and the struggles that each of us must face. Great authors incorporate life's problems into their literature directly and indirectly.   The author bluntly tell us a story, however, he or she may also use symbols to relay to us a message in a more subtle manner.   In Nathaniel Hawthorne's book The House of Seven Gables symbolism is used to enhance the story being told, by giving us a deeper insight into the author's intentions in writing the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book begins by describing the most obvious symbol of the house itself.   The house itself takes on human like characteristics as it is being described by Hawthorne in the opening chapters.   The house is described as "breathing through the spiracles of one great chimney"(Hawthorne 7).   Hawthorne uses descriptive lines like this to turn the house into a symbol of the lives that have passed through its halls.   The house takes on a persona of a living creature that exists and influences the lives of everybody who enters through its doors. (Colacurcio 113)   "So much of mankind's varied experience had passed there - so much had been suffered, and something, too, enjoyed - that the very timbers were oozy, as with the moisture of a heart." (Hawthorne 27).   Hawthorne turns the house into a symbol of the collection of all the hearts that were darkened by the house.   "It was itself like a great human heart, with a life of its own, and full of rich and somber reminiscences" (Hawthorne 27). Evert Augustus Duyckinck agrees that "The chief perhaps, of the dramatis personae, is the house itself.   From its turrets to its kitchen, in every nook and recess without and within, it is alive and vital." (Hawthorne 352)   Duyckinck feels that the house is meant to be used as a symbol of an actual character, "Truly it is an actor in the scene"(Hawthorne 352).   This turns the house into an interesting, but still depressing place that darkens the book in many ways.   Hawthorne means for the house's gloomy atmosphere to symbolize many things in his book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The house also is used to symbolize a prison that has darkened the lives of its inmates forever.   The house is a prison because it prevents its inhabitants form truly enjoying any freedom.   The inhabitants try to

Dimensions and starbucks

In order to clarify and understand how five dimensions of situational influences affect buyer behavior, this essay is going to answer three questions. First of all, physical surrounding and social factors will be demonstrated by providing some definitions and relevant instances. Secondly, case study will be analyzed based on three factors such as social surrounding, task definition and temporal perspective.Finally, Struck cafe would be chosen as an example to analyze how they has developed their promotion, place and product related to physical factor. Question 1 Firstly, as can be known, situational influences are basically five factors that affect customers when they want to make buying decision. One of the most visible features that may have a direct impact on their decisions is physical surrounding like store location, interior decoration, music, smell, temperature and amount of choice provided.This factor would be used as a tactic to attract customers or keep them stay longer in stores. For example, these days, Coles and Woolworth have had almost same price and promotion for their customers so most people have chosen to shop in en of these because that is simply the nearest supermarket from their house. In addition, how companies decorate their shops, what kind of music they play and which fragrance they choose to use in their stores or products play a prominent role to approach their potential clients.According to Bell (1975)g's study, there is a relationship between store's atmosphere and purchasing outcome that means the more enjoyable atmosphere the store have, the more money their customers are apparently willing to spend (as cited in Manic and Radars, 2006). Moreover, when they spend more time to stay inside, it may lead to a chance that they would buy enplaned goods.Furthermore, in 2000, the American Wine Council demonstrated that their most wine consumers were female who prefer having sweeter taste and smell and that is one of the reasons why many c ompanies such as Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon produce sweet wine more than dry one (as cited in Brewer, Salina & Miller, 2011). In general, as can be understood that physical surrounding includes the mostly tangible elements that could be used to influence people's buying behavior in a straight line.Secondly, there is one of the most unavoidable impacts that many buyers are usually affected when they make up their mind on archiving a product especially a valuable things such as phone, car, house, etc. Is social surroundings. Culture, family, reference group and social class are the elements, which would be insisted in this situation. In this case, the majority of customers possibly give their decision to buy a product based on the suggestion from their relationship around them. In 2006, Chuan et. Al stated that â€Å"Shopping in company increases purchasing outcomes† in their research.It can be considered that clients who come with friends or group tend to spend more mon ey and buy more items than who go alone (as cited in Manic & Radars, 2006). According to Genevieve (2006), since there are plenty of benefits that social influence are brought, many companies choose to launch their advertisements at the time that they probably know that time for family viewers such as Walt Disney or group of friends like football game. That would lead to a successful effect, which they would like to approach their potential customers.In short, social surrounding is a significant factor, which seems to help businesses achieving a greater consumption if they may implement it appropriately. Question 2 It is the intention of this question to identify and briefly analyze three key of educational influences related to specific case study when Kate has to make a final decision to buy a smartened for her boyfriend, John's birthday. First of all, when she has a demand to purchase a gift in her boyfriend's birthday occasion that is task definition.That is the reason why she n ot only spends a lot of time to find the information for this purchasing but also emphasizes on the feature and brand of smartened that her boyfriend would like to own particularly. In the other words, she prioritize his demands at the first. Additionally, it is easy to understand why she asked his friend and the sale consultant for enforcing her desirable decision. In this circumstance, it is quite clear to realize how social factor affects customer behavior. There are two social surroundings in this case: membership groups and aspirations groups.In this case study, Kate would be influenced by advise of John's friend who is in membership group and knew John's personality and character very well. His recommendation for Phone 5 would have the most vital impact on Skate's decision because of his better knowledge over her boyfriend's interests and preferences as mentioned in case study. However, Kate would be confused to give the final selection, for she also consider the option Samsun g galaxy SO from professional sale consultant who is in aspiration groups and may have much better experiences in smartened.Therefore with the purpose of solving this issue, she has to consider the third situational influence – temporal perspectives which would probably enforce her so as to fugue out the most suitable present for her boyfriend due to his fast approaching birthday. In Genitive's book (2006), he indicates, â€Å"Time pressures and technology have combined to produce a rapid growth in high quality'. Thus, it seems to be related to Skate's problem when she has to determine as soon as possible.That would cause the issue that the less time she has, the faster decision she has to make. In brief, as following this case study, it is possible to recognize that social factor predominantly affects how customers behave in general and Skate's in particular. Also, this is the main reason making her hesitated to reach the final selection. Question 3 As stated in the introdu ction, in this section, Struck would be chosen as an example to demonstrate how a business implies social surroundings and succeeds inChina for making marketing strategy by following three of four stages in UP – place, product, promotion. Struck, which is known as one of the most famous and valuable brands in the world, have opened first outlet in China since 2007 and will have extended to 1,500 stores by 201 5 (China Observer, 2011). Hence, which reasons have made them survive and success in China, where is well known as an initial traditional maintained country, will be described sketchily relating to social features in this bellowed part. First of all, with the aim of approaching Chinese marketStruck has settled store system in many virtual locations where there are crowded pedestrian places as usual as they did in America but with Chinese style's decoration for making their customers feel convenient. Picture 1: Struck in China (n. D. ) As can be seen in the above picture, that is the general decoration of Struck in China. Furthermore, Struck has especially allocated one of their stores in the Forbidden City (in the picture bellow) where is the most respectful and traditional symbol for Chinese history.It is one of the noticeable tactics that Struck wants to access China's market through Chinese cultural architectonic. In addition, with mainly target customers who are the growing middle class they have set their own image to become fashionable and trendy (McKee & Lawmaking, 2009). In this case, their potential customers would like to come in, have a seat, talking with friends and have a Struck cup of coffee. That means they have adapted themselves by using reference groups in social surroundings.Picture 2: Struck in The Forbidden City (n. D. ) Secondly, According to Wang (2012), there is an important strategy in product placement that Struck introduced their beverages using Chinese popular local ingredients like green tea. This strategy has helped St ruck to overcome the upcoming trouble which western cafe would threaten Chinese traditional drink – tea. That means they have tried being a Struck by Chinese and American cultural combination and avoiding totally implementing typical American concept into Chinese market.Finally, as mentioned previously, since Struck has been running a cafe system to make them become a trend, the most effective promotion for them is mouth to mouth. As long as the development of globalization included China, the monger generation tends to follow the new trend and experience the western culture. By recognizing what is happening in the world, Struck has given their customers â€Å"Struck – Experience† (Wang, 2012). That is how they has confronted with China's market and made it possible and the most second largest market behind original market – America.In conclusion, the five dimensions of situational influences play a vital role in marketing strategy to attract and deal wit h how customers behave to make their buying decision.

The Seven Wonders Essays - Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World

The Seven Wonders Essays - Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World The Seven Wonders As time goes on, we age, just as the magnificent things we make. To often do we forget how far we have come over the ages. The purpose of this paper is to identify the seven ancient wonders of the ancient world, and how they have played a vital role in the evolution of man. A long time ago there was a man that went by the name of Philo of Byzantium (Encarta 97 I). Around 146 bc. he wrote a book that went by the name of Perition hepta. This was the first book concerning the seven wonders. There is another book named Antipater of Sidan. This book came a little after and listed the Walls of Babylon instead of the Pharos of Alexandria. (Britannica I) These books both listed different wonders with different names to them. Many people wonder why there is only seven. Because there was also things such as The Great Wall of China and the ancient American civilizations. They seemed to only list things within the Roman Empire (Encarta 97 I) The name ?the seven wonders of the ancient world? is also known as the ?seven prominent sights of the ancient world? (Britannica I) the Byzantium culture was originated from what is now Constantinople. Their culture was originated by their location by the Black Sea. And that area was a big port so they had to trade a lot there. This is probably where and how the book was traded and the ideas of Philo got to the other parts the world then. When people think about the seven wonders they usually think first about the pyramids. The most likely reason for this is because they are, in fact, the only surviving wonder still in existence. And another cool thing about it is, the pyramids of Giza are the oldest, and most impressive wonders of all. The Great Pyramid of Giza?s schematics is overwhelmingly precise. The walls of the King Kufu?s chamber door were cut with such accuracy, that the error rates in the corners were at 0.01 of an inch. It took about 100,000 workers 20 years to construct the Great Pyramid, and only during the Nile flood season (History of Giza I). The Hanging Gardens of Babylon or the Walls of Babylon (depending on what book you look at) was in fact, not really hanging gardens at all. Because water transportation was so difficult of a job, the distance of the water had to be short. So they found a high up source of water, and used primitive forms of aqueducts and brought it to the Babylon Palace and the palace was built for the reason for king Nebuchadnezzar to make his queen feel more confortable. Because she was from the country and being in a big city of Babylon then was a big change, so she was homesick. And so the Hanging Gardens of Babylon was created. (Grolier 2) The Statue of Zeus was a third ancient wonder. It got it?s position by it?s ?Doric-Style temple? by having a really large statue covered with precious stones and special materials to remember the ?God of Gods?. It was built in what was the city of Olympia and is now located about 150 km west of present-day Athens (Statue of Zeus 1). Another temple that became one of the wonders was the Temple of Artemis. It of course was built to honor the Greek god Artemis. It was built around the sixth century BC. And the architect was a guy named Chesiphron. But it was mainly a joint effort of twelve Ionian cities. (Grolier Encyclopedia 1) Around 292-280 BC. The proud Rhode citizens built a one hundred and twenty foot tall statue that stood on the side of the Rhode Harbor. The statue was made of bronze and its figure was the patron Helios. It took Rhodesians 12 years to construct the statue. And Chares of Lindus designed it (Grolier Enc. 2). Another Egyptian wonder, but constructed many years after the pyramids, was the Pharos of Alexandria. It was the first lighthouse ever constructed. It?s purpose was to light the shores and light a path to land for sailors during the Roman age. It served as a prototype for lots

10 New Years Resolutions for College Students

10 New Years Resolutions for College Students While New Years Eve often brings a party, the new year itself often brings great hopes for change and growth. If youre a college student, the new year presents the perfect time to set some resolutions that can help make your academic year more positive, productive, and enjoyable.   Good New Years resolutions, of course, are not just those that address the things in your life youd like to change or improve upon; they also are realistic enough that youre more likely than not to stick with them. Get (a Specific Number) of Hours of  Sleep per Night Being specific about your goals for the new year; for example, get at least 6 hours of sleep a night instead of getting more sleep. Making your resolutions as specific as possible makes them more tangible and easier to achieve. And while college life is hard and often sleep deprived, making sure you get enough sleep each night is critical to your long-term success (and health!) in school. Get (a Specific Amount) of Exercise  Each Week ​While finding time to exercise in college- even for 30 minutes- can seem impossible for many students, its important to try to incorporate physical activity into your college life routine. After all, those little 30 minutes at the gym can give you more energy throughout the day (and week). Make sure your goal is specific, however; instead of go to the gym, make a resolution to work out for 30 minutes at least 4 times a week, join an intramural sports team, or work out 4 times a week with a work-out partner. Eat Healthier at Each Meal College life is notorious for its unhealthy food options: greasy dining hall food, bad delivery, ramen noodles, and pizza everywhere. Make a goal to add at least something healthy at each meal, like at least one serving of fruits or vegetables. Or cut out (or at least down) on your soda intake. Or switch to diet soda. Or cut down on your caffeine intake, for example, so that youll sleep better at night. No matter what you add or switch, doing little changes every time you eat can lead to big differences. Cut Down on Your Cocurricular Involvement Many students are involved in all kinds of clubs, activities, and teams that meet regularly on campus. And while this cocurricular involvement can be good, it also can be detrimental to your academics. If you need more time, are struggling in your classes, or just overall feel overwhelmed, consider cutting down on your cocurricular involvement. You might be surprised at how much better you feel with an extra hour or two a week. Try Something New or Step Out of Your Comfort Zone at Least Once per Month Chances are, there are things happening on your campus 24/7. And many of them are on topics or involve activities that youre not at all familiar with. Challenge yourself a little to try something totally new at least once a month. Attend a lecture on a topic you know nothing or very little about; go to a cultural event youve never heard of before; volunteer to help with a cause you know you should learn more about but just never looked into. You might be surprised at how much you enjoy yourself! Dont Use a Credit Card for Things You Want- Only Use It for Things You Need The last thing you want in college is to be saddled with credit card debt and the accompanying monthly payment youre required to make. Be very strict about your credit card use and only use it when its absolutely necessary for things you need. (For example, you need books for your classes. But you dont necessarily need- although you might want- those expensive new sneakers when the ones you have can last another few months.) Finish Your Papers at Least One Day in Advance This may sound completely unrealistic and idealistic, but if you look back at your time in school, when have you been the most stressed? Some of the highest-stress parts of the semester come when major papers and projects are due. And planning to do something the night before is, quite literally, planning to procrastinate. So why not plan instead to finish a little early so you can get some sleep, not be as stressed, and- most likely- turn in a better assignment? Volunteer at Least Once a Week Its super easy to get caught up in the little bubble that is your school. Stress over papers, the lack of sleep, and frustration with everything from friends to finances can quickly consume both your mind and spirit. Volunteering, on the other hand, offers you a chance to give back while also helping you keep things in perspective. Added bonus: Youll feel awesome afterward! Take a Leadership  Position on Campus Things may become a little too routine for you during your time in school (especially during the Sophomore Slump). You go to class, go to a few meetings, maybe work your on-campus job, and then ... do it all over again. Aiming for a leadership position, like being an RA or on the executive board of a club, can help challenge your brain in new and exciting ways. Spend Time With People Outside of Your College Friends Granted, this may need to be done electronically, but its important. Spend time Skyping with your best friend from high school; let yourself chat online with people who arent at your school; call your siblings every once in a while to check in and hear about things back home. While your college life may be all-consuming now, it will be over before you know it ... and the relationships youve kept with the non-college people in your life will be important once youre officially a college graduate.

Muscle movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Muscle movement - Essay Example ment to the muscles and many sets of muscles in the body work together in conjunction with each other in the form of various types of levers to bring about movement as a whole process. The typical skeletal muscle consists of three parts: It’s origin from a bone where it is attached to a large area, its main body of muscular tissue and the insertion at the other end which is in the form of a glistening white tendon. The body of the muscle is made up of hundreds of cylindrical fibers which usually run all the way from the origin to the insertion. These cylindrical fibers are composed of an array of myofibrils which are a specialized category of animal cells. Each muscle fiber develops from the fusion of many cells called myoblasts. Muscles contract by the action of Acetyl choline, a neurotransmitter secreted through the nerves which brings about a change in the action potential at the neuromuscular synapse leading to binding of actin and myosin molecules and bringing about contraction. Antagonistic Muscles: For every group of muscles that move a specific portion of the body, there is an opposite group of muscles which brings about the opposite movement. Such pairs of muscles are called antagonistic muscles. The main pairs of antagonistic muscles and their respective movements are explained below: 1. Biceps-Triceps: The upper end of the biceps or its origin is at the scapula and its other end or insertion is on the radius bone of the forearm. Contraction of biceps brings about flexion or rising of the forearm and is called a flexor muscle. The antagonistic triceps relaxes at this time. The triceps is located behind the upper arm and its origin is at the scapula as well as the Humerus bone in the upper arm and the point of insertion is at the Olecranon process of the ulna. Its contraction brings about straightening of the arm and hence it is known as an extensor muscle. 2. Anterior tibialis and gastrocnemius muscles: This pair is located in the lower leg. When a

Business Strategy Nokia Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Strategy Nokia Corporation - Case Study Example In addition, it provides recommendations and suggestions as how to employ the internal and external strengths, overcome the weakness, make use of the opportunities and identifying the potential threats in time and take preventive measures in time. Nokia Corporation is a Finland based company incorporated in the year 1966. The major breakthrough came when Nokia made an entry into the consumer electronics market. Through its remarkable internationalisation policies, Nokia over the years has evolved as the leading manufacturer of mobile devices and mobile networks across the globe. However from a humble start with paper, rubber and cable manufacturing, consumer electronics brought about a major reorientation of the company. It was towards the end of the twentieth century that Nokia aggressively started implementing expansionary policies in different electronic product areas. Over the next twenty - twenty five years, Nokia actively made acquisitions and divestments in an effort to internationalise and growth. In the year 1995, Nokia recorded revenue of a whooping FIM 36, 810 million of which 99 percent came from the electronics business: mobile phones, telecommunications and consumer electronics. (Lindell L. and Melin L., 1996) Today Nokia operat... It has a plethora of products and services to offer to consumers. Though its primary business area is manufacture and sell of mobile phone handsets, it also provides services to that help to protect a business from foreign intrusion, improve workforce communications and voice solutions. (About Nokia, 2009) The determining factor of Nokia's success in the consumer electronics industry is its timely identification and exploitation of business opportunities. Nokia's acquisition strategies played a major role in bringing about a remarkable corporate transformation. Between the period 1983 and 1992, Nokia made five well planned and strategised acquisitions of European companies. 1983 Salora (Finland), Luxor (Sweden) 1987 Oceanic (France) 1988 Standard Electric Lorenz (Germany) 1988 Main plants: Bochum (Germany) and Ibervisao (Portugal), with six other plants supporting the manufacturing of TV sets 1992 Finlux (Finland) In the 1970s when Nokia had just entered the computers manufacturing industry, another opportunity to expand in electronics appeared. There was a sudden creation of demand for a new type of portable radio telephone by the Finnish army. Eventually the three companies that got the order of manufacturing were Salora, Televa and Nokia. Salora was much ahead of its two counterparts in its Research and Development activities. In view of this, Nokia strategically approached Salora and for a joint venture initiative in the radio telephone business. (Lindell L. and Melin L., 1996) However in the 1970s Salora was forced to relinquish their ownership due to unethical business practices. After years of ill fate and business blunders, Nokia acquired 18 percent of the shares in Salora, however it