Social Determinants of Childhood Obesity Essay example

Childhood obesity fast becoming a worldwide epidemic, and according to the Bureau of Statistics (cited in Browne 2012, p.20), 23 per cent of children are overweight or obese in Australia. Browne (2012, p.20) suggests that by children being weighed regularly by their doctor, just as they were when they were babies and toddlers, it will help doctors and parents to closely monitor their weight. Although obesity is caused by an imbalance of the calories consumed with the output of energy through metabolism and exercise (O’Gorman et al., 2011; Wang, 2008), the reason/s for this imbalance can arise from several of the 10 social determinants (the social gradient, stress, early life, social exclusion, work, unemployment, social support, addiction,†¦show more content†¦It was recommended that infants be breastfed exclusively for at least 6 months as this reduces the risk for obesity, furthermore, there is evidence that shows that for every month of breastfeeding, the childâ₠¬â„¢s risk of becoming overweight reduces by 4 per cent. In similar studies, it is recommended that introduction to solid foods be delayed until at least 4 months, however, 6 months is preferred, this significantly reduces the risk for obesity. The average age of introduction to solid food was 20.49 weeks, which resulted in a healthy BMI at aged 10 years-old, and 18.67 weeks resulted in a higher BMI at aged 10 years-old. ‘A good start in early life means supporting mothers and young children: the health impact of early development and education lasts a lifetime’ (Wilkinson Marmot 2003, p. 14). It has been strongly proven that families confined to the poor social gradient, or from low socio-economic status are highly disadvantaged, which is definitely the case when it comes to childhood obesity. Children who come from a low socio-economic status have a greater likelihood of becoming overweight or obese because their family have restricted access to everyday resources. Children from low socio-economic status are eating high energy-dense, high-fat foods because their parents cannot afford to buy fresh fruit and vegetables, or, it is simply not practical, especially to families who do their shopping monthly, since they are highlyShow MoreRelatedSocial Determinants For Childhood Obesity1215 Words   |  5 PagesLeading Active Youth to Fight Childhood Obesity Childhood obesity is at an all-time high in the United States, afflicting one in every five children aged 6 to 19. The prevalence of childhood obesity in the U.S. was 17% in 2011-2014. The CDC notes that obesity rates are not equal across ethnicities, noting a prevalence of 21.9% for Hispanics, and 19.5% for non-Hispanic blacks compared to 14.7% for non-Hispanic whites. In this report, we will focus on childhood obesity in low-income communities. YouthRead MoreReduced Energy Expenditure And Prevalence Obesity Rates Among Children928 Words   |  4 Pageshas contributed to prevalence obesity rates among children. Demographic and epidemiologic analysis alone do not account for the high rates in childhood obesity. These analysis help provide a clearer understanding of why obesity is a national epidemic. It is significant as public health officials to know that there are substantial racial differences in obesity among young kids and teenagers in the United States. Among Hispanics for instance, the incidence of obesity was higher in 2011-2012 at 22Read MoreMedia Article And The Social Determinants Of Health931 Words   |  4 Pagesfollowing media analysis will review a media article that has recently been published. The report will refer to both the media article and the social determinants of health to discuss how obesity can potentially be the cause of several health issues, with appropriate evidence to support this. The media article ‘Shocking Statistics That Illustrate Australia’s Obesity Problem’ written by Leigh Campbell in the Huffington Post Australia Newspaper on February the 24th 2016 will be discussed throughout the reportRead MoreChildhood Obesity Is An Alarming Issue In Australia, And1434 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood obesity is an alarming issue in Australia, and there is not only a rapid national epidemic in Australia and around the world. Obese children are likely to develop detrimental problems in their health and have enduring social, health and economic effects that permeate throughout adulthood. Early detection and management of childhood obesity are critical in preventing obesity during adulthood, considering it is a significant contributor to the adulthood epidemic. Thus, there are several socialRead MoreChildhood Obesity. Childhood Obesity Is A Growing Problem1085 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity Childhood obesity is a growing problem in the United States. Childhood obesity is defined as a child being at or above the 95th percentile for the child’s age and sex (Dietz, 1998). According to the Center of Disease Control â€Å"Childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. The percentage of children aged 6–11 years in the United States who were obese increased from 7% in 1980 to nearly 18% in 2012† (CDC, 2017). There areRead MoreEffects Of Obesity On Children s Children926 Words   |  4 PagesScope of the Problem Obesity in children is characterized by an excess amount of body fat (â€Å"Obesity in Children,† 2016). In the United States, obesity in children has become an epidemic that continues to increase at an astronomical rate. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), showed obesity among Hispanic children was 22.4% in 2011-2012 (â€Å"Childhood Obesity Facts,† 2015). According to a recent report conducted by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, Hispanic childrenRead MoreIs Obesity Predominantly An Individual Problem?. The Rate1089 Words   |  5 PagesIs obesity predominantly an individual problem? The rate of obesity is increasing globally and is a serious public health issue. It no longer only affects developed countries but is also having implications on developing countries. Often the focus is placed on individual choices and behaviours, this does not take into account the research and evidence that clearly shows that obesity is a multifaceted issue. To improve the level of obesity the broader determinants needs consideration. This essayRead MoreChildhood Obesity : How Has This Become A Problem1218 Words   |  5 PagesChildhood Obesity: How Has This Become a Problem and What Can Be Done to Fix it? Childhood obesity is affecting 1 out 3 kids in our society. These children are being classified as being obese or overweight. Obesity has gained recognition as an important worldwide public problem and in the U.S., appears to be overtaking tobacco use as the number one cause of preventable death (Dennison, B. A., Edmunds, L. S., Stratton, H. H., Pruzek, R. M. (2006). This is the first time we have ever seen our childrenRead MoreThe Greater Cleveland Food Bank828 Words   |  4 Pagescontributing factor for overall poor health. In fact, it can even lead to numerous enduring illnesses, such as heart disease, obesity, and diabetes. 2and3 Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States, affecting 11.3% of adults or 26.6 million. 4 Childhood obesity has been an increasing issue in the United States as well, There has been a rise in childhood obesity in children ages 6-11 years old gone upldren too many vaccinations at nging. are essential to public health and are alsoR ead MoreThe Ecological Model Of Health1154 Words   |  5 PagesThe Ecological Model of Health, sometimes also called The Social-Ecological Model, is one of the main models and theories that underpin the practice of health promotion. Defined by the Institute of Medicine as a model of health that emphasizes the linkages and relationships among multiple factors (or determinants) affecting health†, that ecological framework is based on the premise that no single factor can fully explain the variations, the prevalence and the complexity patterns of diseases, as

Comparsion of Jack Londons The Call of the Wild and John...

This is the four line epigraph present on the first page of The Call of the Wild by Jack London. Before you try to find how this section of â€Å"Atavism† by John Myers O’Hara, relates to the theme of The Call of the Wild, you must understand the words used. â€Å"Nomadic† means moving around and not staying in one place. O’Hara uses these words in a weird order, because it seems like it should say that your nomadic longings are leaping. The first line of this epigraph says that if you stay in one place for a long time, your instincts (old longings from ancestors) to move from place to place (to be nomadic) are going to flare up. â€Å"Chafing† means to cause annoyance. By using the phrase â€Å"Chafing at custom’s chain† O’Hara means that you are being annoyed by traditional ways. â€Å"Custom’s chain† refers to these traditional ways. Therefore the feelings to want to become nomadic are clashing with the fe elings of following tradition’s ways. â€Å"Brumal† means wintry. O’Hara is using this as a metaphor with the direct meaning being waking up from winter hibernation, but the deeper meaning is the realization or awakening of the need to break away from traditional ways. â€Å"Ferine† means wild and â€Å"strain† in this case means type. When O’Hara uses ferine as an adjective to describe strain, he is referring to the wild side we each have due to our natural instincts. All in all â€Å"Old longings nomadic leap, Chafing at custom’s chain; Again from its brumal sleep wakens the ferine strain,† means we are

Wider Professional Reading Free Essays

Wider Professional Practice [Part 4] I believe that education should be available for all. I feel particularly strongly that those from disadvantaged backgrounds should have the opportunity to experience learning and thus have the chance to make their own life choices. To work with a learner who realises his / her own worth is, to me, a greater experience than handing them a Maths or English certificate, although this is very rewarding, as well. We will write a custom essay sample on Wider Professional Reading or any similar topic only for you Order Now So, perhaps, the first value that I would put forward would be to support the individual to ‘self’ develop – personally and educationally, giving opportunity for self-awareness and actualisation. This necessitates time, flexibility, encouragement and the ability to motivate [not always easy]; it also needs trust and mutual respect [often a failing cited by learners about teaching staff], which develop as the relationship progresses. Following on from this it is important that all have equal opportunity to succeed. Inclusion and establishing individual needs is important, as is being a good role model and exerting professional behaviour, thus, embedding standards which will support the personal growth of the learner. For some this positive role model will have been ‘by-passed’, but it is also as mentor, coach and counsellor where support should be available, if required. These values can help improve quality of life, develop potential and offer purpose to learners but will also, hopefully, make them productive citizens. Personal development in the student is paralleled in the educator – autonomy an important vision for learner and tutor alike To learn, ourselves, from experiences, reflection, evaluation and self-investigation is the basis for continuing professional development and enhances us as professionals, leading to a better teacher. It is a teacher’s responsibility to keep up to date with educational change and subject specialism, as well as technology advances and basic skills [English and Maths]. This can be attained through training, keeping up to date with news / current affairs and action research on points of interest. Although this is an individual’s responsibility, some institutions collaborate to improve systems – at my organization we have resources weeks, where we work together to improve and increase materials, and at tutor meetings issues are discussed and development undertaken [e. g. tandardization of portfolios]. So, good practice will be reliant on others, be it peer or formal observation, appraisal, sharing of resources, informal feedback or support from colleagues, and offers experiences to improve our skills and abilities. As a more seasoned practitioner it is also important to support others, be they new to teaching or purely in need of assistance, ideas or guidance, enc ouraging them and offering advice if needed – in a more formal setting as guide or mentor. This disseminates knowledge and if communicated effectively creates further good practice. Communication is another key. Clarity, empathy, listening skills and confidence all play their part in being a successful teacher. This skill is important when teaching learners but is also necessary when liaising with other staff and team members. To build rapport, a main feature of the communication process, enables better learning and will lead to collaboration, itself a highly sought after value within education. As mentioned in my company there is a close relationship between tutors and each will look to team members for support [be it resources, paperwork issues or problems with learners]. Standard expectations, and therefore values, would be the ‘nuts and bolts’ of the job responsibility, and would include: planning and preparing for lessons, incorporating areas previously discussed [individual needs, challenges, different styles, methods and tools etc. ]; and learner feedback and assessment – important for learners to be able to chart their progress. It is important to give learners stretching targets, or there is risk of demotivation, but too difficult may likewise be off-putting – being able to judge the right level is a skill that comes with experience. The values of a teacher should mirror the IfL’s code of practice [2008], a document that lays out expected codes of conduct and professionalism. The basic principles are: integrity, respect, care, practice, disclosure and responsibility, and are in place for the benefit of ‘learners, employers, the profession and the wider community. ’ Although perhaps somewhat bombastic in approach and full of self-importance the core elements of the IfL’s mandate are what we, as ‘influencers of the future’, should be striving for – instilling morally sound values and judgements into our learners. How to cite Wider Professional Reading, Papers

Ferguson Rifle Book Review Summary Essay Sample free essay sample

Section 1: The book I read. The Ferguson Rifle. was written by Louis L’Amour. This book is in a Western signifier and is full of suspense. I truly enjoy reading books by Louis L’Amour. because they are full of action. and there’s neer a dull minute. I have read a few of his other books before reading The Ferguson Rifle ; nevertheless. this book amazed me and was a really good book to read. One ground I love reading books by Louis L’Amour is the manner he uses imagination and makes you experience as if you are inside the book. When I read this book. I got a sense of urgency and exhilaration because the manner he used Western idiom and imagination made me experience as if I went back in clip and was the Hero that came out on top in this narrative. Like this narrative. many of his other narratives end in similar manner. with the Hero being successful. My lone ailment is it makes the result about predictable. Section 2: The writer tells you about four chief characters at the beginning of the narrative to give you some background and apprehension of the book. The first character that you are introduced to is Ronan Chantry. Chantry is a immature adult male who is really courageous and falls in love with the antagonist’s niece. Lucinda. He is the huntsman of the house with his female parent and is a really good shooting. As the narrative progresses. Chantry grows into a gentleman. He becomes a really loyal friend and corsets brave alongside his friends in a clip of demand. After turning up farther. Chantry moves west with the Ferguson rifle that Major Patrick Ferguson gave him when he was a immature male child. When he moves West. Chantry has attach toing him what he calls his batch. which includes Bob Sandy. Solomon Telly. Davy Shanagan. Degory Kemble. and Isaac Heath. who are all really loyal and courageous friends. No existent specific character traits are given about these work forces. other than they are really brave. Throughout the narrative two different adversaries are described. The first adversary we are introduced to is the Otoe Indian. In hopes of going noticed by his folk. he betrays the batch and efforts to put up the batch for ambuscade. He is neer mentioned once more after this failure ; nevertheless. we learn about another adversary named Captain Fernandez. This Spanish general triedto collar the work forces of the batch for intruding onto his land. He is besides a character who isn’t discussed in great item. but is really of import. The 2nd major character that we are introduced to is Lucinda Falvey. Lucinda is an Irish adult female who is seeking for hoarded wealth. She and her comrade. Jorge Ulibarra. were being hunted by an ex-pirate and military adult male named Rafen Falvey when they were rescued by the batch of work forces. Another of import character that you learn about is Rafen Falvey. Rafen is an adversary who is ever seeking to assail Ronan and his batch. Rafen is Lucinda’s uncle. and Lucinda is ever being persuaded by Rafen to make assorted things such as leave her batch. The 3rd chief character we are introduced to is Ripley Van Winkle. This is the adult male who saved Ronan when he was being chased by Rafen’s work forces. and he dwells in caves throughout the mountains. Section 3: This narrative contains a few major scenes. due to the sum of motion that takes topographic point. The narrative starts in Missouri where Chantry lives with his female parent. and he all of a sudden becomes hapless and slips into poorness. After he becomes hapless. his household moves out East to Boston. This is where he spends the bulk of his life. until he loses his boy and partner. After he loses his household. the narrative alterations way and follows Ronan throughout the West and Southwest of the US. Section 4: The first clip struggle arises in the narrative is when Ronan Chantry lived out East. Chantry is accused of get downing the fire that killed his married woman and boy. He so decides to run off from all the force per unit area and get down a new life out West. Once he moves out West. he meets his batch. whom he stays with for the balance of the narrative. The lone individual in the batch whom he doesn’t stay with for the remainder of the narrative is the Otoe Indian. The Otoe Indian in his batch betrays his work forces in the batch and allows his Indian folk to scupper them. The folk is unsuccessful and doesn’t kill any of the members of the batch. and the Indians run off. Following this. Captain Fernandez rides up to the men’s fire where he tries collaring the Indians. stating they were on his land. and he’s traveling to take them all into detention. Fernandez is forcefully persuaded to go forth. and following this. the Ute Indians onslaught. Again. Chantry’s batch is winning and the Ute Indians flee. After the 2nd onslaught. the batch drives on. feeling as if they are being followed. Chantry goes to reconnoiter the problem and finds that five work forces are draging them. Chantry and the five work forces converse. and he runs the followings off without any problem or bloodshed. While making this. he finds a adult male who had been murdered. along with his two losing comrades. The missing comrades. Lucinda and Jorge. fall in the batch once more that dark. and while kiping. Lucinda’s uncle attempts to kill her. The ground Lucinda’s uncle is following the batch is because he knows of hoarded wealth and wants to happen the hoarded wealth before Ronan’s batch does. One twenty-four hours he tries to take Lucinda with him and sit into cantonment ; nevertheless. he is unable to carry the work forces to allow her travel. Since Rafen was after them. their batch becomes invariably on the tally. One twenty-four hours while they are on the tally. Bob Sandy was draging buttocks. and he finds himself surrounded by work forces with guns. When Chantry went back to happen him. a gun conflict took topographic point. and both Chantry and Bob flight. Section 5: There was a really little sum of minor struggle that besides took topographic point throughout the book. because about every struggle that took topographic point had a major consequence on the result of the narrative. One little struggle took topographic point when Ronan and his batch run into a Cheyenne folk. The Cheyenne folk wasn’t really friendly at first. However. they become friends shortly after because the folk gathers nutrient for Ronan’s work forces. There are a few histories throughout the narrative where Ronan and Rafen have statements about seeking hoarded wealth ; nevertheless. there is no existent combat that takes topographic point. so these brushs have no consequence on the result of the narrative. Major struggle takes topographic point after Ronan and Rafen see each other on a mountain top. While on the mountain. Rafen tries to carry Ronan to go forth his friends in the batch. and he refuses. Ronan is about captured by a group of work forces that Rafen sends after him ; nevertheless. he escapes and makes it back to bivouac where nil remains. As he looks about. he sees two work forces siting towards him with his full batch draging behind. and with Rafen conveying up the rear. When the two work forces in forepart tally after Ronan. he shoots them and runs. As he runs off. he is grabbed by a adult male. When the adult male grabs Ronan. he tries to catch for his Ferguson rifle ; nevertheless. it’s no longer at that place. The adult male had taken his gun off from him to forestall Ronan from killing anyone. The adult male that grabbed him is named Ripley Van Winkle. and he isn’t seeking to convey injury to Ronan. Ronan understands this a small spot subsequently. and t hey begin to speak with each other. While they are together. they talk about how to get away from the caves they have been populating in. and they watch the countryside from a sentinel topographic point. One twenty-four hours while Ripley and Ronan are watching over the countryside. they spot Lucinda and Rafen. Davy Shanagan and Jorge Ulibarra were besides with them. and both their custodies and pess were tied together. This event begins the flood tide of the narrative. When he sees this. Ronan runs into Rafen’s cantonment and is able to interrupt Lucinda free. After liberating Lucinda. he takes her back to where Ripliey was. and Rip tells Ronan that he is traveling to conceal her. Ronan so goes back to happen Davy and is wounded in the procedure. When he goes back to happen where Lucinda and Rip were concealing. he finds Lucinda in a cave following to the cross that marked Rip’s decease. Lucinda and Ronan return to their cantonment ; nevertheless. their batch had been wholly disconnected. so Ronan goes back to seek to happen the gold in the caves. trusting that he could strike wealths for his lover. Lucinda. As he arrives at the cave. he runs into Davy. who tells him t hat he has found the gold. Rafen. nevertheless. hears this and stairss in with a gun. seeking to kill both of them. Rafen is incognizant that Ronan’s work forces were waiting exterior of the cave for him. and his work forces had left him entirely. because they believed there was no hoarded wealth to be found. Rafen is on his ain. and Ronan wins a fleet triumph over him. Section 6: At the decision of the conflict between Ronan and Rafen. Rafen tells Ronan that he is a good adult male and that his work forces are really honest. He tells Ronan to go forth because he wants to decease entirely. sing he had lived his full life entirely. Ronan and his work forces pack up most of the gold and go forth. Davy says the gold they left buttocks was picked for Ripley. because he deserved this since he had saved Lucinda. As the work forces arrive at their finish of Mandan Village. Ronan had nil to name his ain because he was contending for his work forces. He didn’t accept any of the wealths. and his household was nowhere to be found. The lone thing that Ronan had left to care about was the love of his life. Lucinda.

Network Administrator versus System Administrator an Example of the Topic Career by

Network Administrator versus System Administrator by Expert Prof Nelly | 07 Dec 2016 The job descriptions of the network administrator and the system administrator have a significant amount of overlap between skills and duties in some companies, there is no practical difference. Traffic between the jobs is extremely common and has few barriers, with often only a training course or some knowledge gained in another position allowing a position switch. So why do the corporate world and technical organizations distinguish between network administrators and system administrators? The answers are varied and complicated. Some professional groups, such as the System Administrators Guild or SAGE, dont make a practical distinction between system administrators and network administrators. Need essay sample on "Network Administrator versus System Administrator" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed People Frequently Tell EssayLab support: Who wants to write assignment for me? Essay writer professionals recommend: Professionals Are Creating Successful College Custom Essays! Pay for Academic Paper Writing Buy College Papers/a> However, companies such as Microsoft do make a clear distinction between the two specialties. Opinion among other groups is largely that while there is significant overlap between system administrators and network administrators and the jobs can be substituted for each other in many instances. However, large and complicated networking installations such as a data center or network operations center environment, or complicated system administration environments such as an office building with inpidual Unix workstations for graphics or programming work, require specialized system and network administrators to best handle the requirements of the installation. Whether a professional group or inpidual company makes a distinction between network administrators and system administrators or combines the roles depends on the size of the installations and the political stance of the organization. In other words, companies and technical organizations which make a distinction between network administration and system administration usually do so because their main user base or their own information technology infrastructure requires separate job descriptions for system administration and its networking specialty. In order to explore the reasons for the difference between network administrators and system administrators, its important to clarify what the positions are generally defined as. Barnard defines a system administrators role as encompassing security administration, service monitoring and control, job scheduling, network administration, directory services, print and output administration and storage management (2002. Although network administration is defined as part of a system administrators role, it is also defined separately as: Network administration is typically involved with the first three layers of the stack, which mostly consist of hardware. There is some overlap between network and system administration at the transport level management of such services as DNS, WINS and DHCP provide the basic name resolution services required by fully functioned IT services. Depending on the organization, these core services may also be included as network service functions. Since DNS, WINS and DHCP run on servers, network servers are sometimes included among the hardware components managed by the Network Administration SMF. (2002) In other words, Barnard defines a system administration role as one dealing primarily with software, servers and auxiliary services such as print and storage capabilities; network administration, which may be included in system administration in smaller installations, includes responsibility for the network itself as well as the support hardware such as name servers. Because Microsofts server business base is primarily large to very large installations, there is a strong emphasis on separating the network administration and system administration specialties, and on designing personnel and job descriptions to meet the requirements of the hardware design. Barnard remarks, Modeling system administration takes into consideration an organizations computing architecture whether it is centralized, distributed or a hybrid of the two. Your administrative model is most likely to follow the design of your architecture, although there are exceptions. (Barnard, 2002). Dijker (2001) states that network administration is a particular specialty of system administration, rather than a separate job description. She defines system administration as a whole as all those systems tasks a user might want to offload, including in a lengthy list such tasks as data integrity management, upgrades, security and networking (Dijker, 2001). While the basic knowledge is the same, the specific skills vary from position to position. Dijker also points out that the roles of system administrator and network administrator largely depend on the organization theyre employed by. Rather than being a well-defined profession, both system administrators and network administrators shift their duties and skills to fill the holes left in an organization by other positions (Dijker, 2001). SAGE, the System Administrators Guild, largely agrees with Dijkers position that network administration is a specialty of system administration; their suggested job descriptions include networking tasks at every level of system administration above the junior administrator level (SAGE, 2001). More complex sites are seen as requiring more specialized administrators, including networking, security and storage specialists. While network administration and system administration are not completely separate fields, the larger and more complex the installation, the more and more the duties of the two positions perse. Microsoft and SAGE are both large organizations, but what of the inpidual opinions of network and system administrators? A thread at Ars Technica sheds some light on what inpidual views of the difference between them are. User ErraticAssasin posted, asking the question what is the difference between network and systems admin? The responses the post received were varied; they included: Many govt contractors might be picky since they can sometimes budget with specific positions (read: job titles) required Larger groups tend to have greater differences between an NA and an SA. This is because the SAs only deal with the servers and the NAs only deal with the network. If a group is smaller, then these responsibilities may fall onto the same people. The differentiation comes about for large organizations. There are places where 100% of your time can be spent working on cisco gear = netqork engineer. Likewise, if all you ever do is touch nt/2k, or solaris = systems engineer. (ErraticAssasin, 2001) Clearly, the observations of those on the front lines of network and system administration agree with the big boys: the difference between network administration and system administration largely depends on the size of the organization and their information architecture. Finally, we have Menezes view, which is a bit unconventional compared to the rest. While Menezes seems to consider network administration part of the systems administration umbrella as well, he suggests that a a network administrator may be more inclined to write scripts to monitor network, then rewires entire machine room, improving response time by 2%, whereas a system administrator may be more inclined to put network usage in motd. (Menezes, 2007). Network administration and system administration are not absolutely separate technical specialties, and most software providers and professional groups acknowledge this. Most emphasis is put on defining both job specialties by what the organization requires, rather than by a predefined set of skills and responsibilities. This allows organizations the flexibility to define their job descriptions by their requirements, rather than trying to slot a pre-written job description into what may be a unique position. A small organization can employ a small team of generalist system administrators (or even just a single administrator) to fill all their information technology needs, including design, installation and maintenance of internal networks and external connections. A larger, more complex organization with a complicated network topology, specialized network security requirements or a high number of networked hosts often have one or more network administration specialists. Some organizations have requirements for network administrator roles to fulfill funding requirements for the positions, as well. The distinction between the network administrator and the system administrator is largely one of convenience for the hiring organization or a reflection of the complexity of the organizations network environment. Companies and organizations that maintain the difference between network administrators and system administrators do so in order to maintain a maximum flexibility in the roles and allow them to fill any gap the hiring company requires, rather than forcing the company to design a position to meet a predefined role. The distinction allows the maximum in flexibility for both companies and administrators. References Barnard, S (2002). Microsoft Solutions for Management: System Administration. Retrieved April 26, 2007 from http://www.microsoft.com/technet/solutionaccelerators/cits/mo/smf/smfsysad.mspx SAGE. About the System Administration Field. Retrieved April 25, 2007 from http://www.sage.org/field/field.html. Dijker, B. (2001, July 21). Careers in System Administration. Retrieved April 25, 2007 from http://www.ddj.com/showArticle.jhtml;jsessionid=1OEXOXM3XUGVQQSNDBECKHSCJUMEKJVN?articleID=184411171 ErraticAssasin (2001, September 5). Difference between network & systems admin? Message posted to http://episteme.arstechnica.com/6/ubb.x?a=tpc&s=50009562&f=469092836&m=8960982662 Menezes, D. (2007). Know your system administrator. Retrieved April 25, 2007 from http://www.gnu.org/fun/jokes/know.your.sysadmin.html

Chapter Review Essays

Chapter Review Essays Chapter Review Essay Chapter Review Essay Chapter Review Name: Institution: Date: Chapter Review Martin Bobgan raises several issues aimed at separating Christianity and psychology. He makes consistent assertions regarding the unsuitability of psychological perspectives in the Christian faith. Bobgan points out that although most Christians continue to turn to psychology, the people who formulated the psychological viewpoints were not Christians but that they were people who denied God. This is an error because psychologists use different forms of psychotherapies to help their clients deal with their problems. While it is true that some of the people who invented psychotherapies were not Christians, it is worth noting that many Christians are involved in psychology, and they have come up with different forms of psychotherapies based on biblical principles. They use these forms of psychotherapies to help their clients. Bobgan notes that the church moved from accepting psychology because of the idea of common grace. He has neglected to point out the continuous dissociation of many Christians from their churches. Some Christians feel that the church cannot help them to solve their psychological problems because they are concerned with worldly perspectives. Thus, for many Christians, it is more effective for them to have a different approach to deal with their problems. Psychologists do not aim to compete with God, as Bobgan seems to suggest. Psychologists realize that they are part of humanity, and they realize their limitations and perfections. Bobgan dismisses any idea of human intelligence and wisdom that results from research. He does not point out that ability of people to have God given intelligence. He fails to point out that God blesses His people with intelligence and wisdom. Granted, some of the most gifted people may deny the impact that God has on their lives, and some may even deny His existence. However, this does not change the fact that God gives gifts to both the evil and good people. As he points out, God makes the sun to shine, and the rain to fall, on both the good and bad people. Bobgan makes a strong case about the importance of seeking God and understanding His word accurately. His final message is concerned about the importance of seeking God when a person faces problems. He does not recognize people’s weaknesses and limitations. He fails to notice that people have different strengths in the Christian faith. Some may not know how to go about seeking God’s help. Furthermore, Bobgan fails to acknowledge that Christians do not live in an ideal world, where everyone else around them is a Christian and applies Biblical teachings in his or her life. They live in a world where people have adopted many religions and why they continue to develop other religions as they see fit. Some do not even acknowledge the presence or importance of any religion. Christians have to interact with these people constantly as they go about their daily lives. They cannot avoid meeting and interacting with non-Christians since this would mean missing the opportunity of i nfluencing their perception of religion, and this would result in failure of bringing more people to God’s kingdom. Bobgan makes a psychological error when he points out psychotherapy and other psychologies do not help people and do not concern Christians. He adds that psychotherapies cannot help Christians to overcome problems of living, and neither can they use such methods to show Christians how to live. This presumption is not correct because there is sufficient evidence proving otherwise. Many Christians and non-Christians have been able to change and solve their problems through behavior modification and other therapies. Some Christians find it more useful to go to psychologists when they have marital problems because that is the only option they know best. Marital problems are some of the things that people have to live with, and many Christians find it necessary to consult psychologists to deal with such problems. In dismissing the idea of psychology, Bobgan notes that it is based on human observation and interpretation, which is subjective and susceptible to error. He instead encourages t he reading and analysis of God’s word. However, he also fails to point out that people interpret God’s word based on their understanding, making them more susceptible to making subjective opinions. This is evident in the fact that people interpret the same Biblical texts differently. Bobgan seems to base his perception of psychology solely on the human soul, and he seems to think that psychologists are an avenue for the salvation of the human souls. He details his point of view by observing the nature of humanity and the importance of seeing human beings as God sees them. By focusing on the human soul, he fails to notice the strength or weakness of the human mind, yet most psychologists aim to deal with the mind as a way of helping people. The problems that people face result from their thoughts and their attitudes towards life. Psychologists do base their opinions and suggestions based on different extensive research on humanity. The fact that they have been able to assist many people over the years by using different approaches is evident of the accurate nature of the studies conducted. Bogan adds that psychologists cannot deal with the sinful nature of man. Psychologists do not focus on human salvation and redemption of souls. They do not aim to take the role of the priests and other spiritual clergy, on whose responsibility towards guiding people’s spiritual health lies. Furthermore, they do not aim to improve a person’s spiritual growth, unless the psychologist involved is a spiritual leader concerned with the person’s spirituality. Integration means that psychologists learn to apply the psychological principles that are relevant to their faith, and which do not contradict their religion in any way. They have to learn what the Bible says about some of the principles that they choose to use. This will ensure that they are not swayed and influenced by secular perspectives. At the same time, the Christians recognize the importance that psychology has on believers. The world has become a difficult place to live in, and many Christians find challenges in their lives. They seek different avenues to help them deal with their problems. Christians take Jesus to be the model of their faith. Many Christian psychologists defend their application of psychology by noting now Jesus was always there to guide people, encourage them, and help them solve their problems. In addition, Jesus commanded those who followed Him to bear each other’s burdens. These burdens are the problems that people carry, and they affect their minds. By consulting a psychologist who shares the same principles of faith, then the Christians are assured that they will get good and credible advice. Failure to have Christian psychologists ultimately results to many Christians seeking help from secular psychologists who do not share the same religious and spiritual beliefs. The Bible also requires believers to confess their sins to one another, and admonish each other. God said that His people perished for lack of knowledge. Christians should be at the forefront in seeking knowledge using godly means, and ensuring that they use this knowledge to help and benefit other people. Integration of psycholog y and theology is a way of making the biblical teachings and guidance more practical for the Christians who find the need to share their problems with someone, and seek help towards solving them.

Academic Honesty Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Academic Honesty - Essay Example This means that plagiarism is the act of copying an submitting the work of another author and claiming the work to be the efforts of the person who is submitting the work and not giving any credit to the author who had originally authored that piece of work. One of the most modern ways of detecting plagiarism is the use of plagiarism checking applications such as Turnitin. When using this software, the teacher submits the work on the website of Turnitin and the website compares the work from various academic and internet databases for similar content that have been submitted by some other individual. According to Green one of the consequences of plagiarism is that â€Å"it is the breach of faith in the social contract between the reader and the writer† (Green, 2008, p.112). Furthermore, students who indulge in plagiarism may have to suffer severe consequences such as being graded as failed in a particular subject or course and may even be expelled from their educational instit ute. One of the way through which plagiarism can be avoided is that the writer gives credit to the original author of the content through the use of references. Another way is that the writer paraphrases the content while giving credit to the original author. I promise that throughout my educational period as well as professional life, I will never indulge in the act of plagiarism and any form of academic

CCTV argument supporting the idea Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

CCTV argument supporting the idea - Essay Example Undoubtedly, the expansion of globalisation, rise in societal complexities and new forms of criminal activities have accumulatively given rise to this need. Increasing urbanisation has exacerbated the trend towards privacy, leading to the essentiality of verifying identity. The growing frequency of crime has further emerged as one of the major reasons for both international corporations and government to increase video surveillance through CCTV (Ratcliffe & Taniguchi, 2006). Emphasising these aspects, the aim of this essay is to highlight problems arising due to the increasing number of CCTV cameras in the modern society and develop rational understanding in this regard. Need of CCTV Cameras With the advent of globalisation in the modern world, keeping track of regular activities performed within a society has become very essential for the government of any country to ensure national security. CCTVs are used not only in security purposes but also in research where people are continuo usly observed to understand human behaviour in different situations and circumstances. Increased mobility both locally and internationally has further given rise to a stranger society, where social control based on cognitive understanding matters significantly. Risk management has also become the leading mode of reasoning for both international organisations and government organisations, which has further increased the use of CCTV cameras. In the area of criminal justice, new ideas have given way to more humble defensive responses that focus on opportunity reduction, situational avoidance and risk management wherein CCTV can be regarded as a vital part of the trend towards the effective identification of punishing offenders, managing prisoners and handling rehabilitation centres. There are records that show CCTV is more effective in some context than other technology gadgets in identifying crimes. Reports published on the effectiveness of using CCTV have revealed that it had a signi ficant impact on decreasing vehicle crimes, robbery and theft. However, no such significant impact of using CCTV was seen in case of violence or felony (Damjanovski, 2005). Researches further depict that identification of the real offender is possible through the CCTV cameras, which in turn plays a vital role as evidence in any criminal prosecution. Though proper evidence has not yet been obtained in the violence sector, the cameras have been observed to record suspicious behaviours and therefore play a pivotal role in obstructing the conduct of any probable crime to ensure security of a given population. However, the effectiveness of CCTV is often affirmed as subjected to constant monitoring, which could only be done in a reliable manner by a computer programme that searches for unusual activities and highlights it for further investigation. Notably, to increase efficiencies in identifying crime and protecting the society with the assistance of CCTV, innovative software programmes, known as Artificial Intelligence Systems (AIS) are being developed, which can predict the occurrence of crime quite effectively (Ulkemen, 2009). For instance, in a recent crime activity of the â€Å"Boston Marathon Bombing†, the CCTV installed in a departmental store helped the FBI team in identifying the concerned perpetrator of the crime. CCTV has also shown significant contribution in controlling hacking

Project management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 7

Project management - Essay Example Quality assurance includes two major elements; the first is quality control examination which comprises the examination of the physical characteristics of the structure, system, material, component, part, and subsequent comparison with the acceptable standards associated with those examinations (Arditi & Gunaydin, 1997). The second element of quality assurance is termed as quality administration. This is defined as the management and documentation which assures that the specified quality control examinations were carried out. In general, the contractor’s definition is preferred by the project organization since it defines the vehicles by which all project requirements are to be determined and identified. The word quality has different meanings in different circumstance; the quality of a product may have greater or lesser significance depending on the need and requirement of the user. Thus, quality is the degree to which a product meets the requirement of the customer. On the o ther hand, Quality control includes all the efforts to manage quality and maintain assurance of continued high quality of a product or service. Thus quality control conveys an idea about determining and maintaining that quality of product or service which will satisfy the consumer by its performance, cost and delivery. It is important to understand the difference between quality assurance and quality control. Quality control is used to prove that deliverables are of recognized quality, and that they are complete and right. Quality assurance, however, refers to the procedure used to create deliverables and can be done by a manager, client or even a third party. Also, Quality assurance is based on the process approach. Quality monitoring and assurance ensures that processes and systems are developed in a manner that deliverables are of superior quality. This process is intended to

The Role of Religion in the Middle East

The Role of Religion in the Middle East The Role of Religion in the Middle East Religion is one of the most powerful defining forces of a culture. For example, stores would be closed on Saturday in Israel because that is the Sabbath in the Jewish religion. The hijab fashions in Muslim nations find their origin in the Koran’s prescriptions for modesty among women. However, religion makes the most profound impact on a culture when it is sponsored by the State. For example, many Middle Eastern and African nations have adopted Sharia Law, where thieves are punished by losing a hand, adulterers are stoned to death, and those failing to conform to the dress code are lashed. Before the Muslim Expansion, the predominant religions of the region were Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism. Tribal religions and local deities were also worshiped, as monism was not yet universal in the region. During the early seventh century C.E., Muhammad and his soldiers of faith left the Arabian Peninsula and spread their faith throughout the modern Middle East and Asia Minor. According to Cleveland (2004), this was able to happen because the Byzantine Empire of the West and the Sassanian Empire of Iran were becoming weaker after decades of warfare (p. 6). Since the Emperors could no longer adequately defend their territories, it was the perfect time for the fledgling Muslim Empire to take its place in history. Curiously, there is a strong tradition in the West of viewing the Middle East as a monolithic people of Arab extraction that are culturally and religiously similar. Although Islam is the dominant religion in the area, there are certainly ethnic and cultural differences as to how it is practiced (similar to the cultures formed around the Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant churches in predominantly Christian nations). The three states that will be examined in this paper are Israel, Iran, and Iraq: a Jewish state, a non-Arab Muslim state, and an Arab Muslim state. The choice of these countries will show the religious and cultural diversity of the Midd le East as well as explain how these forces clash when they come into contact. The Jewish State of Israel (formerly Palestine) is by far one of the most ethnically diverse nations in the Middle4 East. Because the Jewish people were scattered all over the world, today we have Jews with African, European, and Asian ethnic characteristics. At the beginning of Israel’s settlement, people had divided themselves by ethnicity, but today they are more divided by sect (degree of religious observance) and social class (Ayalon, Ben-Rafael, Sharot, 1991, p. 280). Shortly thereafter, they had to learn to work together because hostilities with their Arab neighbours threatened the existence of the new state. Suffice it to say, Israel had become accustomed to a siege mentality—segregating themselves from Palestinian and other Arab groups, creating a modern apartheid. Politically, their reasons for holding the territory and seeking foreign aid are rooted in the conviction that the land is theirs by right, as promised by God in their Scriptures (Cleveland, 2004, p . 240). There was also the very basic fear of facing extinction at the hands of an unjust government such as Hitler’s Germany and the pogroms sponsored by tsarist Russia. However, even within the Jewish community, there are several splits. According to Ayalon, Ben-Rafael Sharot (1991), there were reports of â€Å"numerous conflicts, some involving violent confrontations, between religious and secular Jews over such issues as public transportation on the Sabbath, opening cinemas on the Sabbath Eve, burning bus stations, displaying advertisements featuring women in swimming costumes or underwear, free movement of private transportation in areas close to religious neighbourhoods on the Sabbath†¦ and the question of who is a Jew† (p. 279). In Israel, there are those that identify as ethnic Jews even though they do not participate in the religious traditions of Judaism. With this question of definition, there is an implicit question of whether an individual can consider themselves Jewish if they do not identify with the teachings with Judaism. However, these questions have been rendered moot for Israeli citizenship, as non-practicing Jews were also targeted by major world government. For other religions, identity is determined by practice such as profession of faith, attendance at places of worship, and prayer. In other words, there is no such thing as a non-practicing Muslim. However, the Jewish religious spectrum is from Orthodox to the secular and non-practicing (Ayalon, Ben-Rafael, Sharot, 1991, p. 287). There are some Israelis that are atheist and do not observe any of the Jewish holidays or traditions and the Orthodox whose lives are still governed by laws written several thousand years ago. Most of Israel’s Jews fall somewhere in the middle, observing some of the traditions such as the Yom Kippur fast and Hanukkah. Around the time that Greece and Rome were building their sphere of influence, Iran (formerly Persia) was one of the most powerful empires in the world known for its progressive system of justice and great learning and recognized as the birthplace of Zoroastrianism, the Ba’hai religion, and Mithraism (which shares much in common with modern Christianity). Having a history of conquering and being conquered, the Iranian people were influenced by several cultural and religious traditions. However, since the twelfth century, almost 100% of the Iranian population embraced Islam (Cleveland, 2004, p. 33). Even so, the Iranians still resisted ‘Arabization’ and adopted the practice of their religion to Persian life and culture. For instance, unlike Arabs, most Persian Muslims are of the Shi’a sect. In addition, in pre-revolution Iran, professional women were not expected to wear the chador unless they were going to visit family friends or religious events (DeGroot, 2 007, p. 113). However, women of the lower classes were generally expected to wear them at all times. As we have mentioned before, there appears to be an inverse relationship between religious observance and income, which would explain this phenomenon. The Islamic revolution of 1979 was a strong rejection of Western power and the separation of the sexes in all social fields, though females are still allowed access to higher education. Given that the West equates itself with all that is noble and just, this was a surprising leap into backwardness, according to Western cultural commentators. However, to fully understand, Keddie Richard (2006) argues that we must take several factors into account such as the depressed standard of living for the middle class, rising unemployment and the decline of traditional values: â€Å"Once dependence on the West was associated with Western culture, and Western culture with moral decay, it was natural to seek Iran’s salvation not in the West ernization pushed by the shah’s regime but in a return to an idealized indigenous Islam† (Keddie Richard, 2006, p. 188). The revolution also brought about the enmity of Hussein’s Iraq as the Sunni leader was apprehensive that the Shi’a majority would stage a similar revolution and wrest power away from him—a factor strongly contributing to the Iran-Iraq War of the 1980’s (Cleveland, 2004, p. 415). This was quite a change from the past where the people were not very closely controlled by the government. When the Ottoman Turks ruled in Iraq, they confined themselves to the large cities and the people in outlying rural areas lived by their own rules more or less. Turning these pockets of autonomous tribes into a nation was far more difficult than any one administration could bring (Cleveland, 2004, p.204). In Iraq, there was always an enmity between the Sunni and Shi’a sects of Islam, and the nation was often beset with civil war. One of the more bitter cultural struggles are between those that want to adapt their faith to the modern era and the more conservative faction that want to preserve the social climate of their predecessors (Nakash, 2003, p. 262). Ethnically, Arabs comprise 80% of the population, however, slightly over half belong to the Shi’a sect and the minority were Sunnis. Sunni Kurds made up the remainder of the population, and they sought to remain culturally distinct from the Arabs (Cleveland, 2004, p. 205). Today, Iraq is occupied by the U.S. and a civil war between Sunni and Shi’a sects are raging. In sum, religion has shaped these countries profoundly. Israel attempts to expand its borders because her citizens believe that the land was given to them by God, Iran vacillates between modernization and radical Islam as many young Iranians have become quite progressive, and the Shi’a and Sunni Muslims of Iraq are engaged in a great battle for supremacy. In these regimes, there is no room for compromise on an international or social level because the current leadership and prevailing ruling class in each of these countries believes that they are on the right path. References Ayalon, H., Ben-Rafael, E. Sharot, S. (1991). Religious, Ethnic, and Class Divisions in Israel: Conversion or Cross-Cutting?. Tradition, Innovation, Conflict: Jewishness and Judaism in Contemporary Israel. (Sobel, Z. Beit-Hallahmi, B. eds,) New York: SUNY Press Cleveland, W.L. (2004). A History of the Modern Middle East (3rd ed.). Boulder, CO: Westview Press DeGroot, J. (2007). Religion, Culture and Politics in Iran: from the Qajars to Khomeini. London: I.B. Tauris Publishers Keddie, N.R. Richard, Y. (2006). Modern Iran: Roots and Results of Revolution. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press Nakash, Y. (2003). The Shi’is of Iraq. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press

Symbolism in The House of Seven Gables :: House of the Seven Gables Essays

Symbolism in The House of Seven Gables  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Literature reflects life, and the struggles that each of us must face. Great authors incorporate life's problems into their literature directly and indirectly.   The author bluntly tell us a story, however, he or she may also use symbols to relay to us a message in a more subtle manner.   In Nathaniel Hawthorne's book The House of Seven Gables symbolism is used to enhance the story being told, by giving us a deeper insight into the author's intentions in writing the story.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The book begins by describing the most obvious symbol of the house itself.   The house itself takes on human like characteristics as it is being described by Hawthorne in the opening chapters.   The house is described as "breathing through the spiracles of one great chimney"(Hawthorne 7).   Hawthorne uses descriptive lines like this to turn the house into a symbol of the lives that have passed through its halls.   The house takes on a persona of a living creature that exists and influences the lives of everybody who enters through its doors. (Colacurcio 113)   "So much of mankind's varied experience had passed there - so much had been suffered, and something, too, enjoyed - that the very timbers were oozy, as with the moisture of a heart." (Hawthorne 27).   Hawthorne turns the house into a symbol of the collection of all the hearts that were darkened by the house.   "It was itself like a great human heart, with a life of its own, and full of rich and somber reminiscences" (Hawthorne 27). Evert Augustus Duyckinck agrees that "The chief perhaps, of the dramatis personae, is the house itself.   From its turrets to its kitchen, in every nook and recess without and within, it is alive and vital." (Hawthorne 352)   Duyckinck feels that the house is meant to be used as a symbol of an actual character, "Truly it is an actor in the scene"(Hawthorne 352).   This turns the house into an interesting, but still depressing place that darkens the book in many ways.   Hawthorne means for the house's gloomy atmosphere to symbolize many things in his book.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The house also is used to symbolize a prison that has darkened the lives of its inmates forever.   The house is a prison because it prevents its inhabitants form truly enjoying any freedom.   The inhabitants try to

Dimensions and starbucks

In order to clarify and understand how five dimensions of situational influences affect buyer behavior, this essay is going to answer three questions. First of all, physical surrounding and social factors will be demonstrated by providing some definitions and relevant instances. Secondly, case study will be analyzed based on three factors such as social surrounding, task definition and temporal perspective.Finally, Struck cafe would be chosen as an example to analyze how they has developed their promotion, place and product related to physical factor. Question 1 Firstly, as can be known, situational influences are basically five factors that affect customers when they want to make buying decision. One of the most visible features that may have a direct impact on their decisions is physical surrounding like store location, interior decoration, music, smell, temperature and amount of choice provided.This factor would be used as a tactic to attract customers or keep them stay longer in stores. For example, these days, Coles and Woolworth have had almost same price and promotion for their customers so most people have chosen to shop in en of these because that is simply the nearest supermarket from their house. In addition, how companies decorate their shops, what kind of music they play and which fragrance they choose to use in their stores or products play a prominent role to approach their potential clients.According to Bell (1975)g's study, there is a relationship between store's atmosphere and purchasing outcome that means the more enjoyable atmosphere the store have, the more money their customers are apparently willing to spend (as cited in Manic and Radars, 2006). Moreover, when they spend more time to stay inside, it may lead to a chance that they would buy enplaned goods.Furthermore, in 2000, the American Wine Council demonstrated that their most wine consumers were female who prefer having sweeter taste and smell and that is one of the reasons why many c ompanies such as Chardonnay and Cabernet Sauvignon produce sweet wine more than dry one (as cited in Brewer, Salina & Miller, 2011). In general, as can be understood that physical surrounding includes the mostly tangible elements that could be used to influence people's buying behavior in a straight line.Secondly, there is one of the most unavoidable impacts that many buyers are usually affected when they make up their mind on archiving a product especially a valuable things such as phone, car, house, etc. Is social surroundings. Culture, family, reference group and social class are the elements, which would be insisted in this situation. In this case, the majority of customers possibly give their decision to buy a product based on the suggestion from their relationship around them. In 2006, Chuan et. Al stated that â€Å"Shopping in company increases purchasing outcomes† in their research.It can be considered that clients who come with friends or group tend to spend more mon ey and buy more items than who go alone (as cited in Manic & Radars, 2006). According to Genevieve (2006), since there are plenty of benefits that social influence are brought, many companies choose to launch their advertisements at the time that they probably know that time for family viewers such as Walt Disney or group of friends like football game. That would lead to a successful effect, which they would like to approach their potential customers.In short, social surrounding is a significant factor, which seems to help businesses achieving a greater consumption if they may implement it appropriately. Question 2 It is the intention of this question to identify and briefly analyze three key of educational influences related to specific case study when Kate has to make a final decision to buy a smartened for her boyfriend, John's birthday. First of all, when she has a demand to purchase a gift in her boyfriend's birthday occasion that is task definition.That is the reason why she n ot only spends a lot of time to find the information for this purchasing but also emphasizes on the feature and brand of smartened that her boyfriend would like to own particularly. In the other words, she prioritize his demands at the first. Additionally, it is easy to understand why she asked his friend and the sale consultant for enforcing her desirable decision. In this circumstance, it is quite clear to realize how social factor affects customer behavior. There are two social surroundings in this case: membership groups and aspirations groups.In this case study, Kate would be influenced by advise of John's friend who is in membership group and knew John's personality and character very well. His recommendation for Phone 5 would have the most vital impact on Skate's decision because of his better knowledge over her boyfriend's interests and preferences as mentioned in case study. However, Kate would be confused to give the final selection, for she also consider the option Samsun g galaxy SO from professional sale consultant who is in aspiration groups and may have much better experiences in smartened.Therefore with the purpose of solving this issue, she has to consider the third situational influence – temporal perspectives which would probably enforce her so as to fugue out the most suitable present for her boyfriend due to his fast approaching birthday. In Genitive's book (2006), he indicates, â€Å"Time pressures and technology have combined to produce a rapid growth in high quality'. Thus, it seems to be related to Skate's problem when she has to determine as soon as possible.That would cause the issue that the less time she has, the faster decision she has to make. In brief, as following this case study, it is possible to recognize that social factor predominantly affects how customers behave in general and Skate's in particular. Also, this is the main reason making her hesitated to reach the final selection. Question 3 As stated in the introdu ction, in this section, Struck would be chosen as an example to demonstrate how a business implies social surroundings and succeeds inChina for making marketing strategy by following three of four stages in UP – place, product, promotion. Struck, which is known as one of the most famous and valuable brands in the world, have opened first outlet in China since 2007 and will have extended to 1,500 stores by 201 5 (China Observer, 2011). Hence, which reasons have made them survive and success in China, where is well known as an initial traditional maintained country, will be described sketchily relating to social features in this bellowed part. First of all, with the aim of approaching Chinese marketStruck has settled store system in many virtual locations where there are crowded pedestrian places as usual as they did in America but with Chinese style's decoration for making their customers feel convenient. Picture 1: Struck in China (n. D. ) As can be seen in the above picture, that is the general decoration of Struck in China. Furthermore, Struck has especially allocated one of their stores in the Forbidden City (in the picture bellow) where is the most respectful and traditional symbol for Chinese history.It is one of the noticeable tactics that Struck wants to access China's market through Chinese cultural architectonic. In addition, with mainly target customers who are the growing middle class they have set their own image to become fashionable and trendy (McKee & Lawmaking, 2009). In this case, their potential customers would like to come in, have a seat, talking with friends and have a Struck cup of coffee. That means they have adapted themselves by using reference groups in social surroundings.Picture 2: Struck in The Forbidden City (n. D. ) Secondly, According to Wang (2012), there is an important strategy in product placement that Struck introduced their beverages using Chinese popular local ingredients like green tea. This strategy has helped St ruck to overcome the upcoming trouble which western cafe would threaten Chinese traditional drink – tea. That means they have tried being a Struck by Chinese and American cultural combination and avoiding totally implementing typical American concept into Chinese market.Finally, as mentioned previously, since Struck has been running a cafe system to make them become a trend, the most effective promotion for them is mouth to mouth. As long as the development of globalization included China, the monger generation tends to follow the new trend and experience the western culture. By recognizing what is happening in the world, Struck has given their customers â€Å"Struck – Experience† (Wang, 2012). That is how they has confronted with China's market and made it possible and the most second largest market behind original market – America.In conclusion, the five dimensions of situational influences play a vital role in marketing strategy to attract and deal wit h how customers behave to make their buying decision.

The Seven Wonders Essays - Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World

The Seven Wonders Essays - Seven Wonders Of The Ancient World The Seven Wonders As time goes on, we age, just as the magnificent things we make. To often do we forget how far we have come over the ages. The purpose of this paper is to identify the seven ancient wonders of the ancient world, and how they have played a vital role in the evolution of man. A long time ago there was a man that went by the name of Philo of Byzantium (Encarta 97 I). Around 146 bc. he wrote a book that went by the name of Perition hepta. This was the first book concerning the seven wonders. There is another book named Antipater of Sidan. This book came a little after and listed the Walls of Babylon instead of the Pharos of Alexandria. (Britannica I) These books both listed different wonders with different names to them. Many people wonder why there is only seven. Because there was also things such as The Great Wall of China and the ancient American civilizations. They seemed to only list things within the Roman Empire (Encarta 97 I) The name ?the seven wonders of the ancient world? is also known as the ?seven prominent sights of the ancient world? (Britannica I) the Byzantium culture was originated from what is now Constantinople. Their culture was originated by their location by the Black Sea. And that area was a big port so they had to trade a lot there. This is probably where and how the book was traded and the ideas of Philo got to the other parts the world then. When people think about the seven wonders they usually think first about the pyramids. The most likely reason for this is because they are, in fact, the only surviving wonder still in existence. And another cool thing about it is, the pyramids of Giza are the oldest, and most impressive wonders of all. The Great Pyramid of Giza?s schematics is overwhelmingly precise. The walls of the King Kufu?s chamber door were cut with such accuracy, that the error rates in the corners were at 0.01 of an inch. It took about 100,000 workers 20 years to construct the Great Pyramid, and only during the Nile flood season (History of Giza I). The Hanging Gardens of Babylon or the Walls of Babylon (depending on what book you look at) was in fact, not really hanging gardens at all. Because water transportation was so difficult of a job, the distance of the water had to be short. So they found a high up source of water, and used primitive forms of aqueducts and brought it to the Babylon Palace and the palace was built for the reason for king Nebuchadnezzar to make his queen feel more confortable. Because she was from the country and being in a big city of Babylon then was a big change, so she was homesick. And so the Hanging Gardens of Babylon was created. (Grolier 2) The Statue of Zeus was a third ancient wonder. It got it?s position by it?s ?Doric-Style temple? by having a really large statue covered with precious stones and special materials to remember the ?God of Gods?. It was built in what was the city of Olympia and is now located about 150 km west of present-day Athens (Statue of Zeus 1). Another temple that became one of the wonders was the Temple of Artemis. It of course was built to honor the Greek god Artemis. It was built around the sixth century BC. And the architect was a guy named Chesiphron. But it was mainly a joint effort of twelve Ionian cities. (Grolier Encyclopedia 1) Around 292-280 BC. The proud Rhode citizens built a one hundred and twenty foot tall statue that stood on the side of the Rhode Harbor. The statue was made of bronze and its figure was the patron Helios. It took Rhodesians 12 years to construct the statue. And Chares of Lindus designed it (Grolier Enc. 2). Another Egyptian wonder, but constructed many years after the pyramids, was the Pharos of Alexandria. It was the first lighthouse ever constructed. It?s purpose was to light the shores and light a path to land for sailors during the Roman age. It served as a prototype for lots

10 New Years Resolutions for College Students

10 New Years Resolutions for College Students While New Years Eve often brings a party, the new year itself often brings great hopes for change and growth. If youre a college student, the new year presents the perfect time to set some resolutions that can help make your academic year more positive, productive, and enjoyable.   Good New Years resolutions, of course, are not just those that address the things in your life youd like to change or improve upon; they also are realistic enough that youre more likely than not to stick with them. Get (a Specific Number) of Hours of  Sleep per Night Being specific about your goals for the new year; for example, get at least 6 hours of sleep a night instead of getting more sleep. Making your resolutions as specific as possible makes them more tangible and easier to achieve. And while college life is hard and often sleep deprived, making sure you get enough sleep each night is critical to your long-term success (and health!) in school. Get (a Specific Amount) of Exercise  Each Week ​While finding time to exercise in college- even for 30 minutes- can seem impossible for many students, its important to try to incorporate physical activity into your college life routine. After all, those little 30 minutes at the gym can give you more energy throughout the day (and week). Make sure your goal is specific, however; instead of go to the gym, make a resolution to work out for 30 minutes at least 4 times a week, join an intramural sports team, or work out 4 times a week with a work-out partner. Eat Healthier at Each Meal College life is notorious for its unhealthy food options: greasy dining hall food, bad delivery, ramen noodles, and pizza everywhere. Make a goal to add at least something healthy at each meal, like at least one serving of fruits or vegetables. Or cut out (or at least down) on your soda intake. Or switch to diet soda. Or cut down on your caffeine intake, for example, so that youll sleep better at night. No matter what you add or switch, doing little changes every time you eat can lead to big differences. Cut Down on Your Cocurricular Involvement Many students are involved in all kinds of clubs, activities, and teams that meet regularly on campus. And while this cocurricular involvement can be good, it also can be detrimental to your academics. If you need more time, are struggling in your classes, or just overall feel overwhelmed, consider cutting down on your cocurricular involvement. You might be surprised at how much better you feel with an extra hour or two a week. Try Something New or Step Out of Your Comfort Zone at Least Once per Month Chances are, there are things happening on your campus 24/7. And many of them are on topics or involve activities that youre not at all familiar with. Challenge yourself a little to try something totally new at least once a month. Attend a lecture on a topic you know nothing or very little about; go to a cultural event youve never heard of before; volunteer to help with a cause you know you should learn more about but just never looked into. You might be surprised at how much you enjoy yourself! Dont Use a Credit Card for Things You Want- Only Use It for Things You Need The last thing you want in college is to be saddled with credit card debt and the accompanying monthly payment youre required to make. Be very strict about your credit card use and only use it when its absolutely necessary for things you need. (For example, you need books for your classes. But you dont necessarily need- although you might want- those expensive new sneakers when the ones you have can last another few months.) Finish Your Papers at Least One Day in Advance This may sound completely unrealistic and idealistic, but if you look back at your time in school, when have you been the most stressed? Some of the highest-stress parts of the semester come when major papers and projects are due. And planning to do something the night before is, quite literally, planning to procrastinate. So why not plan instead to finish a little early so you can get some sleep, not be as stressed, and- most likely- turn in a better assignment? Volunteer at Least Once a Week Its super easy to get caught up in the little bubble that is your school. Stress over papers, the lack of sleep, and frustration with everything from friends to finances can quickly consume both your mind and spirit. Volunteering, on the other hand, offers you a chance to give back while also helping you keep things in perspective. Added bonus: Youll feel awesome afterward! Take a Leadership  Position on Campus Things may become a little too routine for you during your time in school (especially during the Sophomore Slump). You go to class, go to a few meetings, maybe work your on-campus job, and then ... do it all over again. Aiming for a leadership position, like being an RA or on the executive board of a club, can help challenge your brain in new and exciting ways. Spend Time With People Outside of Your College Friends Granted, this may need to be done electronically, but its important. Spend time Skyping with your best friend from high school; let yourself chat online with people who arent at your school; call your siblings every once in a while to check in and hear about things back home. While your college life may be all-consuming now, it will be over before you know it ... and the relationships youve kept with the non-college people in your life will be important once youre officially a college graduate.

Muscle movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Muscle movement - Essay Example ment to the muscles and many sets of muscles in the body work together in conjunction with each other in the form of various types of levers to bring about movement as a whole process. The typical skeletal muscle consists of three parts: It’s origin from a bone where it is attached to a large area, its main body of muscular tissue and the insertion at the other end which is in the form of a glistening white tendon. The body of the muscle is made up of hundreds of cylindrical fibers which usually run all the way from the origin to the insertion. These cylindrical fibers are composed of an array of myofibrils which are a specialized category of animal cells. Each muscle fiber develops from the fusion of many cells called myoblasts. Muscles contract by the action of Acetyl choline, a neurotransmitter secreted through the nerves which brings about a change in the action potential at the neuromuscular synapse leading to binding of actin and myosin molecules and bringing about contraction. Antagonistic Muscles: For every group of muscles that move a specific portion of the body, there is an opposite group of muscles which brings about the opposite movement. Such pairs of muscles are called antagonistic muscles. The main pairs of antagonistic muscles and their respective movements are explained below: 1. Biceps-Triceps: The upper end of the biceps or its origin is at the scapula and its other end or insertion is on the radius bone of the forearm. Contraction of biceps brings about flexion or rising of the forearm and is called a flexor muscle. The antagonistic triceps relaxes at this time. The triceps is located behind the upper arm and its origin is at the scapula as well as the Humerus bone in the upper arm and the point of insertion is at the Olecranon process of the ulna. Its contraction brings about straightening of the arm and hence it is known as an extensor muscle. 2. Anterior tibialis and gastrocnemius muscles: This pair is located in the lower leg. When a

Business Strategy Nokia Corporation Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Business Strategy Nokia Corporation - Case Study Example In addition, it provides recommendations and suggestions as how to employ the internal and external strengths, overcome the weakness, make use of the opportunities and identifying the potential threats in time and take preventive measures in time. Nokia Corporation is a Finland based company incorporated in the year 1966. The major breakthrough came when Nokia made an entry into the consumer electronics market. Through its remarkable internationalisation policies, Nokia over the years has evolved as the leading manufacturer of mobile devices and mobile networks across the globe. However from a humble start with paper, rubber and cable manufacturing, consumer electronics brought about a major reorientation of the company. It was towards the end of the twentieth century that Nokia aggressively started implementing expansionary policies in different electronic product areas. Over the next twenty - twenty five years, Nokia actively made acquisitions and divestments in an effort to internationalise and growth. In the year 1995, Nokia recorded revenue of a whooping FIM 36, 810 million of which 99 percent came from the electronics business: mobile phones, telecommunications and consumer electronics. (Lindell L. and Melin L., 1996) Today Nokia operat... It has a plethora of products and services to offer to consumers. Though its primary business area is manufacture and sell of mobile phone handsets, it also provides services to that help to protect a business from foreign intrusion, improve workforce communications and voice solutions. (About Nokia, 2009) The determining factor of Nokia's success in the consumer electronics industry is its timely identification and exploitation of business opportunities. Nokia's acquisition strategies played a major role in bringing about a remarkable corporate transformation. Between the period 1983 and 1992, Nokia made five well planned and strategised acquisitions of European companies. 1983 Salora (Finland), Luxor (Sweden) 1987 Oceanic (France) 1988 Standard Electric Lorenz (Germany) 1988 Main plants: Bochum (Germany) and Ibervisao (Portugal), with six other plants supporting the manufacturing of TV sets 1992 Finlux (Finland) In the 1970s when Nokia had just entered the computers manufacturing industry, another opportunity to expand in electronics appeared. There was a sudden creation of demand for a new type of portable radio telephone by the Finnish army. Eventually the three companies that got the order of manufacturing were Salora, Televa and Nokia. Salora was much ahead of its two counterparts in its Research and Development activities. In view of this, Nokia strategically approached Salora and for a joint venture initiative in the radio telephone business. (Lindell L. and Melin L., 1996) However in the 1970s Salora was forced to relinquish their ownership due to unethical business practices. After years of ill fate and business blunders, Nokia acquired 18 percent of the shares in Salora, however it

Transforming the Enterprise with IT Phase 2 Individial Project Essay

Transforming the Enterprise with IT Phase 2 Individial Project - Essay Example Every single second we came across new technology, new inventions and of course innovations i.e. existing with new add-ons. This was the basic introduction. Let’s turn the pages to enterprise. What is an enterprise? Or in others words define ‘enterprise’? Quite a puzzling question. But the only answer is- â€Å"Enterprise may be defined as the place where all the W’s are fully sorted and compatible with each other i.e. What, How, Where, Who, When and Why and some groups of Visionary, Owner, Designer, Builder, Implementer and Worker are brought up together to give a holistic view of enterprise.† Now let us walk to the way of IT (Information Technology), an ace up your sleeve. â€Å"Information technology has ballooned to encompass many aspects of computing and technology, and the term is more recognizable than ever before. The information technology umbrella can be quite large, covering many fields. IT professionals perform a variety of duties that range from installing applications to designing complex computer networks and information databases. A few of the duties that IT professionals perform may include data management, networking, engineering computer hardware, database and software design, as well as the management and administration of entire systems.† IT can be best viewed as the â€Å"use of computers for designing, developing, implementing, supporting and managing information system.† Enterprise is like a container (tumbler) which holds the IT in it .It is a shell (enterprise) in which pearl (IT) is safe, growing and increasing day-by-day and the hardware& software used is its shine. This would result in e-business (online business), B2B (business to business), B2C (business to customers) and B2E (business to employees) solutions. The main key to success of any organization is business intelligence. One should have a thorough knowledge of business intelligence. But

A Concerted and Cogent Effort Needed to Establish Equality in Society Essay Example for Free

A Concerted and Cogent Effort Needed to Establish Equality in Society Essay The concept of establishing equality among all members of the society is as old as the history of civilization – the list of dos and donts of several cultures also emanate out of that, before the dominant groups of the societies convert them as doctrines to maintain their dominance over the minorities. However, the voice of the concerned humans also rise from time to time, like what is now being heard under the titles like human rights or living wage. Though usually dubbed as a means of meeting the basic living requirements, living wage aims at facilitating humans to earn their lives to fulfill what Maslow (1943) described in his hierarchy of needs, which comprises of five sets of needs such as basic needs (air, water, food, clothing and shelter), safety and security needs, social needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. Thus the concept of living wage raises issues of human rights with special emphasis on the right to survival and dignity. This article thus explores three situations depicted by three researchers to underpin the drivers of inequality in general. India is Plagued by Caste-concept and Exploitative Colonial Ruling Style In spite of being officially a staunch supporter of human rights with a clear backing from its constitution, India is still plagued by the legacies of the Hindu caste system and exploitative format of British ruling style, if the findings of Channa (2010) have anything to go by. He points out with evidence that there is a huge gap between the constitutional vision and the ground-level realities regarding the social and economic situation in India, where it clearly fails to reason why the majority of its population still reels under below poverty line, save providing living wage. Channa points out that legislation or legal strictures prove insufficient against the power of social will in India, which needs to be transformed to a state where the dominant groups of the society will unlearn the caste and exploitative colonial ruling concepts and perceive the real-time need of restoring the human status of its fellow countrymen. South Carolina Suffers from Contradictory Legislations The issue of living wage gets another dimension when it is seen from interpretive and political economic anthropological perspectives, where Kingsolver (2010) comes up with the instance of South Carolina, the area which tops in the number of people living in poverty due to high unemployment rate. Here the solution lies in enforcing legislated living wage that would prioritize human needs over the issue of earning profit. Kingsolver argues that the elimination of contradiction in the laws on tax or right to work appears to be the first step towards achieving a legislated living wage, otherwise the age-old conflict between the logics of social welfare and the welfare of capital will continue to be at loggerheads in this region. Exploiters in the Avatar of Corporate Giants Bensen (2010) shows how biocapitalism of the corporate giants like Philip Morris is actually a veiled threat to the normative functioning of the society, where it violates not only the ethical standards of living, but also carries on with the tendency of exploiting the human capital, let alone ignoring the issue of social equality. For example, the placement of tobacco auction warehouses as well as the leaf-processing plants in North Carolina are strategically placed in predominantly Black residential areas to get low-skill workers at a minimum rate and to profit more by saving the expenditure on workplace conditions. Conclusion All the three papers reviewed above analyze social dynamics of stigmatization under different contexts, where India suffers from the legacies of age-old caste system and exploitative British ruling strategies, while North and South Carolina suffer from racial discrimination and corporate manipulation. Such state of affairs only consolidates the impression that rules to establish human rights cannot be effective unless the mindset of the dominant groups are transformed, and for that matter, UN should steer a cogent and cohesive campaign across the globe on establishing human rights. References Benson, P. (2008). Good clean tobacco: Philip Morris, biocapitalism, and the social course of stigma in North Carolina. American Ethnologist, Vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 357-379. Channa, M. S. (2010). What do people live on? Living wages in India. American Anthropological Association, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 15-28. Kingsolver, A. (2010). Living wage considerations in the right-to-work state of South Carolina. American Anthropological Association, Vo. 31, No. 1, pp. 30-41. Maslow, A. H. (1943). A theory of human motivation. Psychological Review, 50, pp. 370- 396.

Six Characters In Search Of An Author Analysis

Six Characters In Search Of An Author Analysis Father explains that as their author unjustly denied them stage-life and its immortality, they bring their drama to the company. The seductive Step-Daughter begins its elaboration: after what took place between her and Father, she cannot remain in society, and she cannot bear to witness her widowed Mothers anguish for her legitimate Son. Confused, the Manager asks for the situation and wonders how a Mother can be a widow if the Father is alive. The Step-Daughter explains that the Mothers lover-her, the Child, and Boys father-died two months ago. Father proper once had a clerk who befriended Mother. Seeing the mute appeal in their eyes, he sent her off with him and took her Son. As soon as the clerk died, the family fell into poverty and, unbeknownst to Father, returned to town. Step-Daughter became a prostitute for Madame Pace. The eternal moment of their drama shows the Step-Daughter surprising Father as her unsuspecting client. Father then gestures to the Son, whose cruel aloofness is the hinge of the action. The Mother will re-enter the house with the outside family. Because the son will make her family feel foreign to the household, the Child will die, the Boy will meet tragedy, and Step- Daughter will flee.The Manager takes interest. He gives the Actors a twenty-minute break and retires with the Characters to his office. After twenty minutes, the stage bell rings. The Step-Daughter emerges from the office with the Child and Boy. She laments the Childs death in the fountain and angrily forces Boy to show his revolver. If she had been in his place, she would have killed Father and Son, not herself. Everyone returns to the stage, and the Manager orders the set prepared for rehearsal. Confused, Father wonders why the Characters themselves should not go before the public. The Manager scoffs that actors act. The Manager suddenly notices that Pace is missing. Father asks the Actresses to hang their hats and mantles on the sets clothes pegs. Lured by the articles of her trade, Pace appears from the rear. The Leading Lady denounces this vulgar trick. Father wonders why the actors are so anxious to destroy the magic of the stage in the name of a commonplace sense of truth. Paces scene with Step-Daughter begins before Father finishes. When the actors urge them to speak more loudly, Step-Daughter replies that they cannot discuss such matters loudly-Father might overhear. Pace comes forward, saying, Yes indeed sir, I no wanta take advantage of her. The actors erupt in laughter. The Manager finds the comic relief of her accent magnificent. Father cautiously greets the young prostitute and gallantly offers her a new hat. Step-Daughter protests that she cannot wear one as she is in mourning. The Manager interrupts, and calls the Leading Man and Lady to play the same scene. Father protests, and Step-Daughter bursts out laughing. The Manager complains that he never could rehearse with the author present. He instructs the Father to continue. When Step-Daughter speaks of her grief, he must reply I understand.' Step-Daughter interrupts: Father actually asked her to remove her frock. She refuses to let them compose a romantic sentimental scene out of her disgrace. Acknowledging that tomorrow the actors will do the first act. The Manager approves and notes that the curtain will then fall. To his annoyance, the Machinist lets the curtain down in earnest.The curtain rises, revealing new scenery: a drop, a few trees, and the portion of a fountain basin. The Step-Daughter tells the exasperated Manager that the entire action cannot take place in the garden. The Manager protests that they cannot change scenes three or four times in an act. The Leading Lady remarks that it makes the illusion easier. Father bristles at the word illusion. Pausing, he approaches the Manager asks if he can tell him who he really is. A character can always pose this question to a man as he is always somebody while a man might be nobody. If man thinks of all his past illusions that now do not even seem to exist, perhaps his present reality is not fated to become an illusion tomorrow. The character is more real as his reality is immutable. The Manager commands Father to stop his philosophizing. He is but imitating the manner of an author he heartily detest The Manager prepares the scene. Step-Daughter leads Child to the fountain. Both at the same time the Manager commands. The Second Lady Lead and Juvenile Lead approach and study Mother and Son. The Son objects that it is impossible to live before a mirror that not only freezes us with the image of ourselves, but throws out likeness back at us with a horrible grimace. He also protests that there was no scene between he and Mother. When Mother went to his room to speak with him, he simply went into the garden. He then saw the drowning Child in the fountain, and the Boy standing stock still like a madman, watching her. A shot rings out from behind the trees where the Boy is hidden. Some cry that the Boy is dead; others that it is only make believe and pretence. Pretence? Reality? the Manager cries in frustration. To hell with it all. Never in my life has such a thing happened to me. Ive lost a whole day over these people, a whole day! ANNE PAOLUCCI ON PIRANDELLOS EXPLORATION OFTHEATER AS A MEDIUM When, in 1923, at the age of 56, Luigi Pirandello won European acclaim with the Pitoà «ff production of Six Characters in Search of an Author (the same play that had been booed and had caused a riot at its premiere in Rome two years earlier), the Italian writer had already published six of his seven novels, several scattered volumes of short stories, and four volumes of poetry. His reputation as a writer of fiction was already established when he turned to drama; and although he never gave up writing novels and short stories (and was to convert many of these into plays in the years that followed), Pirandello had clearly shifted his sights and direction by 1923. For the rest of his life his artistic priorities were to be focused on theater. As a playwright, however, Pirandello soon hit on a new and powerful theme, perhaps the inevitable result of focusing on the barren lives of people living in a barren place, where nature itself is hostile and the individual a victim without reprieve. His earliest plays as well as his novels and short stories examined the effect of such an existence in the most detailed way; but by 1921,with Six Characters, he turned with even greater fascination to exploring personality in its conscious and deliberate effort to come to terms with the environment. We see in Six Characters a new obsession translated powerfully into a stage language itself new and overwhelming. With Six Characters the focus shifts: the core story becomes a distant motif, an echo, a reminder that all experience must pass through the mirror of the self and must be evaluated in terms of that mirror image. The shift can surely be attributed to some extent to the demands of the stage, which-for Pirandello-was the ideal medium for bringing together the illusion of life and the reality of the self. In this play escape also becomes freedom from the predictable connection between intentions and deeds: freedom from stage conventions, dramatic action and resolution, familiar dialogue and internal communications. There is nothing uncertain about this first theater play; it too is a fully mature product, an incredible tour-de-force, an experiment that could not have been foreseen but would never be forgotten. It marks the beginning of the contemporary theater with all its fragmented attitudes, states of mind, contradictory emotions,Hamlet-like irrelevancies; but little of what follows i n other parts of the world will match the totality of the Pirandello experiment. Hamlet-like irrelevancies; but little of what follows in other parts of the world will match the totality of the Pirandello experiment. THE THEATER OF THE THEATER As noted in the Context, Pirandello retrospectively grouped Six Characters in a trilogy of the theater of the theater. These works generate their drama out of the theaters elements-in this case, through the conflict between actors, manager and characters, and the missing author. For Pirandello, the theater is itself theatrical-that is, it is itself implicated in the forms and dynamics of the stage. Beginning with a supposed daytime rehearsal, Six Characters puts the theater and its processes themselves on stage. Put otherwise, the play is an allegory for the theater. Thus it presents characters dubbed the Second Leading Lady and Property Man and it hinges on multiple frames of (self)-reference, staging the staging of a play within the play. Akin to a hall of mirrors, this device, the mise-en- abà ®me, is common to plays that would reflect on the properties of their own medium. Self-referentiality attains heights here. The plays act divisions, for example, mirror those of the Charact ers drama, a number of scenes show the Actors playing the doubles of the audience, and onward. Crucial to this project is a dismantling of the conventions of the well-made play that would render the plays workings visible to the spectator. Six Characters often appears improvisational, sketch-like, what the Manager calls a glorious failure. Note the aborted rehearsal, rejected and incompletely drawn characters, hastily assembled sets, and onward. To anticipate the Fathers confession, one could describe Pirandello as perhaps subject to the Demon of Experiment. THE AUTHOR FUNCTION In the rehearsal of another of Pirandellos plays within this one, the figure of Pirandello immediately appears as the maddening native playwright who plays the fool with everyone. Such fantasies of authorship are intrinsic to the literary work. The author is not only that which the characters search for; but as Pirandello laments in his preface to the play, the spectator as well. What does the author intend? wonders the audience. Though absent, the author haunts the stage. He will not assume body like the characters but become a function or mask that circulates among the players. Though in the preface Pirandello describes authorship through metaphors of divine and even the Immaculate Conception, speaking of miracles, and divine births, such identifications are covered over within the play. There the Father decidedly appears as the authors double. THE CHARACTERS REALITY Throughout the play, the Father insists on the reality of the Characters, a reality that, as the stage notes indicates, inheres in their forms and expressions. The Father offers his most explicit meditation on the Characters reality in Act II. Here he bristles at the Actors use of the word illusion as it relies on its vulgar opposition to reality. He approaches the Manager in a sort of face-off to challenge this opposition, one that underpins his identity. Convinced of his self-identity, the Manager readily responds that he is himself. The Father believes otherwise. While the Characters reality is real, the Actors is not; while the Character is somebody, man is nobody. Man is nobody because he is subject to time: his reality is fleeting, always ready to reveal itself as illusion, whereas the Characters reality remains fixed for eternity. Put otherwise, time enables an opposition between reality and illusion for man. Over time, man comes to identify realities as illusion, whereas the Character exists in the timeless reality of art. Works Sited Pirandello, Luigi, 1867-1936-Criticism and interpretation. I. Bloom, Harold. II. Series. Book Title: Characters and Authors in Luigi Pirandello. Contributors: Ann Hallamore Caesar author. Publisher: Clarendon Press. Place of Publication: Oxford. Publication Year: 1998. www.questia.com//characters-and-authors-in-luigi-pirandello-by-ann-hallamore-caesar.jsp